As diferentes perspectivas das escolas de pensamento econômico sobre o meio ambiente
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Data
2022-03-21
Autores
Mazzaro, Gabriel Yori Calistini
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo do trabalho é explorar a relação entre diferentes escolas de pensamento econômico e o meio ambiente, usando o método da revisão histórica, revisitando a teoria dos economistas após a revolução industrial até os dias moderno. O primeiro ponto abordado são as evidências de que a atividade econômica tem impacto sobre o meio ambiente através da exposição de desastres naturais e atividades econômicas de alto impacto ambiental. As primeiras três escolas de pensamento, os fisiocratas, clássicos e marxistas são colocadas em conjunto porque em sua época a questão ambiental ainda não era tão presente, assim formando uma base não sobre o ambientalismo, mas sobre recursos naturais, para os fisiocratas ela é ordem natural divina, para Adam Smith ela representa a possível confluência de interesses, para Ricardo e Malthus ela representa o grande limitador ao crescimento econômico e para os marxistas ela representa mais um elemento que dinamiza a desigualdade no sistema capitalista, introduzindo um aspecto social a discussão, sendo essas perspectivas extremamente relevantes, pois elas são a base da formação do que escolas mais modernas entendem por meio ambiente e como lidar com as questões que ele impõe. A escola de pensamento Neoclássica, seguindo a tradição de Ricardo e Malthus, tenta lidar com a possível situação de escassez e os limites que o tempo de reprodução da natureza impõe a econômica com uma abordagem baseada na valoração ambiental, utilitarismo, individualismo metodológico e o equilíbrio de mercado, formando a teoria da poluição e a teoria dos recursos naturais. As escolas de pensamento mais modernas seguem a tradição de Smith e dos marxistas, vendo a natureza como um possível impulsionador da econômica e com a intenção de adaptar os sistemas econômicos ao meio ambiente de modo a preservar tanto a natureza quanto a vida humana no longo prazo, também aderindo a noções de ambientalismo mais recentes, que surgiram depois de eventos como a Conferência de Estocolmo e a Rio-92, levando a conclusão que o meio ambiente se torna cada vez menos uma externalidade.
The objective of the work is to explore the relationship between different schools of economic thought and the environment, using the method of historical review, revisiting the theory of economists from the industrial revolution to the modern day. The first point addressed is the evidence that economic activity has an impact on the environment through the exposure of natural disasters and economic activities of high environmental impact. The first three schools of thought, the Physiocrats, Classics and Marxists, are put together because in their time the environmental issue was not yet so present, thus forming a basis not on environmentalism, but as natural resources, for the Physiocrats it is divine natural order, for Adam Smith it represents the possible confluence of interests, for Ricardo and Malthus it represents the great constraint to economic growth and for Marxists it represents another element that dynamizes inequality in the capitalist system, introducing a social aspect to discussion, and these perspectives are extremely relevant, as they are the basis for the formation of what most modern schools understand by the environment and how to deal with the issues it imposes. The Neoclassical school of thought, following the tradition of Ricardo and Malthus, tries to deal with the possible situation of scarcity and the limits that the reproduction time of nature imposes on the economy with an approach based on environmental valuation, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, and market equilibrium, forming the theory of pollution and the theory of natural resources. Most modern schools of thought follow in the tradition of Smith and the Marxists, viewing nature as a possible economic driver and intending to adapt economic systems to the environment in a way that preserves both nature and human life in the long term. also adhering to more recent notions of environmentalism, which emerged after events such as the Stockholm Conference and Rio-92, leading to the conclusion that the environment is becoming less and less an externality.
The objective of the work is to explore the relationship between different schools of economic thought and the environment, using the method of historical review, revisiting the theory of economists from the industrial revolution to the modern day. The first point addressed is the evidence that economic activity has an impact on the environment through the exposure of natural disasters and economic activities of high environmental impact. The first three schools of thought, the Physiocrats, Classics and Marxists, are put together because in their time the environmental issue was not yet so present, thus forming a basis not on environmentalism, but as natural resources, for the Physiocrats it is divine natural order, for Adam Smith it represents the possible confluence of interests, for Ricardo and Malthus it represents the great constraint to economic growth and for Marxists it represents another element that dynamizes inequality in the capitalist system, introducing a social aspect to discussion, and these perspectives are extremely relevant, as they are the basis for the formation of what most modern schools understand by the environment and how to deal with the issues it imposes. The Neoclassical school of thought, following the tradition of Ricardo and Malthus, tries to deal with the possible situation of scarcity and the limits that the reproduction time of nature imposes on the economy with an approach based on environmental valuation, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, and market equilibrium, forming the theory of pollution and the theory of natural resources. Most modern schools of thought follow in the tradition of Smith and the Marxists, viewing nature as a possible economic driver and intending to adapt economic systems to the environment in a way that preserves both nature and human life in the long term. also adhering to more recent notions of environmentalism, which emerged after events such as the Stockholm Conference and Rio-92, leading to the conclusion that the environment is becoming less and less an externality.
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Palavras-chave
Economia, Economia ambiental, Ecologia, História econômica, Environmental economics, Neoclassical environmental economics, Sustainability, History of economic though, Neoclassical criticism