Metodologias de recomendação de uso de gesso agrícola em diferentes sistemas de produção
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Data
2022-03-18
Autores
Souza, Isabela Malaquias Dalto de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O uso de gesso agrícola em sistemas conservacionistas de produção como os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPAs), ainda gera dúvidas em relação a metodologia a ser utilizada. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar qual dentre as cinco metodologias de recomendação de uso de gesso agrícola em diferentes sistemas sustentáveis de produção agropecuária é o mais eficiente em relação a movimentação do gesso no perfil do solo e correlacionar com a produtividade agrícola de um solo arenoso. Foram utilizadas as metodologias de Sousa, Lobato e Rein (2005), Vitti et al. (2008), Demattê (1986), Raij et al. (1996) e Caires e Guimarães (2016), em três sistemas sustentáveis de produção agropecuária: sistema de semeadura direta (SSD), sistema agropastoril (SAP) e pastagem convencional (PAST). Foram realizadas avaliações dos atributos químicos nas camadas de 0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40m, em outubro no ano de 2017 e abril de 2018, 2019 e 2020, e dos atributos físicos nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,20 e 0,20-0,40m em outubro de 2017 e abril de 2020, e avaliações das características agronômicas da cultura do milho e da soja, bem como da produtividade de matéria seca da pastagem e da crotalária. As metodologias de Raij et al. (1996), Sousa, Lobato e Rein (2005) e de Caires e Guimarães (2016) foram utilizadas em um projeto paralelo. Para tal, em abril de 2020 foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada de 0-0,10m, nos três sistemas sustentáveis de produção agropecuária, e realizou- se as seguintes avaliações: superfície especifica (SE), granulometria a laser (GL), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e análise elementar. Buscou-se com essa pesquisa atribuir qual das metodologias de recomendação de uso de gesso agrícola é a mais adequada para os sistemas de produção estudados e avaliar qual dentre as metodologias proporciona melhores condições para a textura do solo arenoso na região do Cerrado. Em sistema de semeadura direta (SSD), pelo uso intensivo do solo arenoso e alta exportação de nutrientes, visando a melhoria da fertilidade e agregação do solo, recomenda-se a gessagem com base nas metodologias de Caires e Guimarães (2016) ou de Raij et al. (1996), entretanto, com variabilidade das metodologias quanto à correlação com a produtividade das culturas em rotação. No sistema agropastorial (SAP), pelo maior tempo de pastagem no sistema, não houve uma metodologia que se destacasse quanto a melhoria da fertilidade do solo, contudo na agregação houve destaque para a metodologia de Raij et al. (1996). Entretanto, independentemente da metodologia, a aplicação de gesso foi superior ao controle sem gessagem, na melhoria física e química do solo. Apenas a metodologia de Vitti et al. (2008), destacou-se para incremento da produção de matéria seca do capim Marandu e da soja em sucessão. Em área de pastagem intensiva (PAST), mas em solo arenoso, destacou-se a metodologia de Raij et al. (1996) na recomendação de gessagem anual, visando a melhoria e/ou manutenção da fertilidade do solo. Entretanto, na produtividade de matéria seca do capim Marandu, a metodologia de melhor correlação foi a de Souza, Lobato e Rein (2005). Pelo uso da análise multivariada, em SSD, as metodologias de cálculo da necessidade de gessagem de Caires e Guimarães (2016) ou de Raij et al. (1996) melhor se correlacionaram com a V% (atributo de melhor correlação da fertilidade do solo). Para o sistema agropastoril (SAP), na análise multivariada, as metodologias de cálculo da necessidade de gessagem que melhor se correlacionaram com redução da acidez e aumento do pH do solo foram as de Souza, Lobato e Rein (2005) e de Raij et al. (1996). Numa pastagem de capim Marandu em solo arenoso, pela análise multivariada, a metodologia de cálculo da necessidade de gessagem de Raij et al. (1996) apresentou maior correlação com a V%. Nas análises das características do solo em diferentes sistemas de produção depois do uso do gesso agrícola, não houve efeito da gessagem para C, N e relação C/N, e nem para a granulometria do solo. Entretanto, para incremento dos teores de C e N destaca-se o sistema de semeadura direta (SSD), e para melhoria de agregação, a pastagem perene (PAST).
The use of gypsum in conservation production systems as croplivestock systems, still generates doubts about the methodology to be used. The present work aimed to evaluate which among the five methodologies of gypsum use recommendation in different sustainable agricultural production systems is the most efficient regarding the movement of gypsum in the soil profile and correlate it with the agricultural productivity of a sandy soil. The methodologies of Sousa, Lobato and Rein (2005), Vitti et al. (2008), Demattê (1986), Raij et al. (1996) and Caires and Guimarães (2016) were used, in three sustainable agricultural production systems: no-tillage system (SSD), agro-pastoral system (SAP) and conventional pasture (PAST). Evaluations of chemical attributes in the layers 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m were carried out in October in the year 2017 and April 2018, 2019 and 2020, and of physical attributes in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m in October 2017 and April 2020, and evaluations of agronomic characteristics of corn and soybean crops, as well as dry matter productivity of pasture and crotalaria. The methodologies of Raij et al. (1996), Sousa, Lobato and Rein (2005) and Caires and Guimarães (2016) were used in a parallel project. For this, in April 2020, soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10m layer, in the three sustainable agricultural production systems, and the following evaluations were performed: specific surface area (SE), laser grain size (GL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis. This research aimed to attribute which of the gypsum recommendation methodologies is the most appropriate for the production systems studied and evaluate which of the methodologies provides better conditions for sandy soil texture in the Cerrado region. In no-tillage system (SSD), by the intensive use of sandy soil and high export of nutrients, aiming to improve soil fertility and aggregation, gypsum is recommended based on the methodologies of Caires and Guimarães (2016) or of Raij et al. (1996), however, with variability of methodologies regarding the correlation with the productivity of crops in rotation. In the agro-pastoral system (SAP), due to the longer time of pasture in the system, there was no methodology that stood out regarding the improvement of soil fertility, however in aggregation there was an emphasis on the methodology of Raij et al. (1996). However, regardless of the methodology, the application of gypsum was superior to the control without gypsum, in physical and chemical soil improvement. Only the methodology of Vitti et al. (2008), stood out for increasing the dry matter production of Marandu grass and soybean in succession. In an area of intensive pasture (PAST), but on sandy soil, the methodology of Raij et al. (1996) stood out in the recommendation of annual gypsum, aiming to improve and/or maintain soil fertility. However, for the dry matter productivity of Marandu grass, the methodology with the best correlation was that of Souza, Lobato and Rein (2005). By the use of multivariate analysis, in SSD, the methodologies for calculating the gypsum requirement of Caires and Guimarães (2016) or of Raij et al. (1996) best correlated with V% (best correlated attribute of soil fertility). For the agropastoral system (SAP), in the multivariate analysis, the methodologies for calculating the need for gypsum that best correlated with reduced soil acidity and increased soil pH were those of Souza, Lobato and Rein (2005) and Raij et al. (1996). In a pasture of Marandu grass on sandy soil, by multivariate analysis, the methodology for calculating the need for gypsum by Raij et al. (1996) showed greater correlation with V%. In the analysis of soil characteristics in different production systems after the use of gypsum, there was no effect of gypsum for C, N and C/N ratio, nor for soil granulometry. However, the no-tillage system (SSD) stands out for increasing C and N contents, and for improving aggregation, the perennial pasture (PAST).
The use of gypsum in conservation production systems as croplivestock systems, still generates doubts about the methodology to be used. The present work aimed to evaluate which among the five methodologies of gypsum use recommendation in different sustainable agricultural production systems is the most efficient regarding the movement of gypsum in the soil profile and correlate it with the agricultural productivity of a sandy soil. The methodologies of Sousa, Lobato and Rein (2005), Vitti et al. (2008), Demattê (1986), Raij et al. (1996) and Caires and Guimarães (2016) were used, in three sustainable agricultural production systems: no-tillage system (SSD), agro-pastoral system (SAP) and conventional pasture (PAST). Evaluations of chemical attributes in the layers 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m were carried out in October in the year 2017 and April 2018, 2019 and 2020, and of physical attributes in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.20 and 0.20-0.40m in October 2017 and April 2020, and evaluations of agronomic characteristics of corn and soybean crops, as well as dry matter productivity of pasture and crotalaria. The methodologies of Raij et al. (1996), Sousa, Lobato and Rein (2005) and Caires and Guimarães (2016) were used in a parallel project. For this, in April 2020, soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10m layer, in the three sustainable agricultural production systems, and the following evaluations were performed: specific surface area (SE), laser grain size (GL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elemental analysis. This research aimed to attribute which of the gypsum recommendation methodologies is the most appropriate for the production systems studied and evaluate which of the methodologies provides better conditions for sandy soil texture in the Cerrado region. In no-tillage system (SSD), by the intensive use of sandy soil and high export of nutrients, aiming to improve soil fertility and aggregation, gypsum is recommended based on the methodologies of Caires and Guimarães (2016) or of Raij et al. (1996), however, with variability of methodologies regarding the correlation with the productivity of crops in rotation. In the agro-pastoral system (SAP), due to the longer time of pasture in the system, there was no methodology that stood out regarding the improvement of soil fertility, however in aggregation there was an emphasis on the methodology of Raij et al. (1996). However, regardless of the methodology, the application of gypsum was superior to the control without gypsum, in physical and chemical soil improvement. Only the methodology of Vitti et al. (2008), stood out for increasing the dry matter production of Marandu grass and soybean in succession. In an area of intensive pasture (PAST), but on sandy soil, the methodology of Raij et al. (1996) stood out in the recommendation of annual gypsum, aiming to improve and/or maintain soil fertility. However, for the dry matter productivity of Marandu grass, the methodology with the best correlation was that of Souza, Lobato and Rein (2005). By the use of multivariate analysis, in SSD, the methodologies for calculating the gypsum requirement of Caires and Guimarães (2016) or of Raij et al. (1996) best correlated with V% (best correlated attribute of soil fertility). For the agropastoral system (SAP), in the multivariate analysis, the methodologies for calculating the need for gypsum that best correlated with reduced soil acidity and increased soil pH were those of Souza, Lobato and Rein (2005) and Raij et al. (1996). In a pasture of Marandu grass on sandy soil, by multivariate analysis, the methodology for calculating the need for gypsum by Raij et al. (1996) showed greater correlation with V%. In the analysis of soil characteristics in different production systems after the use of gypsum, there was no effect of gypsum for C, N and C/N ratio, nor for soil granulometry. However, the no-tillage system (SSD) stands out for increasing C and N contents, and for improving aggregation, the perennial pasture (PAST).
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Análise multivariada, Fertilidade do solo, Gessagem, Pastagem, Sistema agropastoril, Sistema semeadura direta, Multivariate analysis, Soil fertility, Plaster, Pasture, Agroforestry system, Notillage system