Avaliação dos efeitos biológicos da interação microplástico, triclosan e 17α etinil-estradiol em espécies estuarinas tropicais: Uma abordagem ecotoxicológica.
Data
2022-03-31
Autores
Nobre, Caio Rodrigues
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os efluentes domésticos são uma mistura complexa de diferentes substâncias, incluindo microplásticos e fármacos e produtos para cuidados pessoais (FPCPs). Microplásticos apresentam afinidade com substâncias hidrofóbicas tais como o hormônio sintético 17α etinil-estradiol o bactericida triclosan, e podem interagir em ambientes aquáticos atuando como vetores de dispersão dessas substâncias, com potenciais efeitos a biota. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar efeitos tóxicos de microplásticos contaminados com FPCPs através de uma abordagem ecotoxicológica empregando organismos estuarinos. Os organismos ostra do mangue (Crassostrea brasiliana), caranguejo-uçá (Ucides cordatus) e robalo (Centropomus undecimalis) foram expostos a tratamentos: controle (C); microplásticos sem contaminação (MP); e microplástico contaminado com 17α etinil-estradiol (MPE); microplástico contaminado com triclosan (MPT). Os organismos foram expostos por 3 e 7 dias. Para as ostras e os caranguejos, a posteriori à exposição, 10 organismos/ tratamento/ tempo tiveram sua saúde celular avaliada mediante ao ensaio de estabilidade da membrana lisossômica na hemolinfa. Após o encerramento dos ensaios também foram separados tecidos de 7 organismos para as análises de biomarcadores bioquímicos (EROD, DBF, GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, danos em DNA e ChE) nas ostras (brânquias, glândulas digestivas e músculos adutores), caranguejos (brânquias, hepatopâncreas e músculos) e GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, danos em DNA e ChE em peixes (brânquias, fígado, intestino, músculo e cérebro). Os 3 organismos restantes de cada espécie foram separados para determinações analíticas nos níveis de 17α etinil-estradiol e triclosan. Ambas as substâncias avaliadas EE2 e TCS tiveram sua presença detectada na água e nos organismos expostos. Ao serem inseridas no meio experimental as partículas de polietileno sem contaminação e contaminadas com EE2 e TCS foram capazes de promover efeitos bioquímicos nas enzimas de fase I, fase II, sistema anti-oxidante, levar ao estresse oxidativo e desencadear danos em DNA e efeitos neurotóxicos e citotóxicos nas três espécies modelos C. brasiliana, U. cordatus e C. undecimalis nos diferentes tecidos avaliados. Ao compararmos os efeitos das substâncias adsorvidas pelos MPs, o TCS mesmo em menor concentração se mostrou mais tóxico que o EE2 para as espécies modelos. Quando os organismos foram comparados entre si o fator espécie se mostrou o mais relevante para ocorrência de efeitos dos MPs de uma maneira geral. A partir dos dados obtidos é possível inferir que os microplásticos de polietino associados aos FPCPs 17α etinil-estradiol e triclosan conferem risco aos ecossistemas estuarinos tropicais e as espécies Crassostrea brasiliana, Ucides cordatus e Centropomus undecimalis podendo gerar perturbações ecológicas à cadeia alimentar estuarina.
Domestic wastewater is a complex mixture of different substances, including microplastics and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Microplastics have affinity with hydrophobic substances such as the synthetic hormone 17α ethinyl-estradiol or the antimicrobial triclosan, and can interact in aquatic environments acting as vectors for the dispersion of these substances, with potential synergistic or additive effects. In this context, the present study aims to assess the environmental risk of microplastics as vectors of PPCPs through an ecotoxicological approach using estuarine organisms. The oyster (Crassostrea brasiliana), crab (Ucides cordatus) and fish (Centropomus undecimalis) organisms were exposed to treatments: control (C); contamination-free microplastics (MP); and microplastic contaminated with 17α ethinyl estradiol (MPE); microplastic contaminated with triclosan (MPT). The organisms were exposed for 3 and 7 days. For oysters and crabs, after exposure to 10 organisms/treatment/time, their cellular health was evaluated using the lysosomal membrane stability assay in hemolymph. After the end of the trials, tissues of 7 organisms were also separated for the analysis of biochemical biomarkers (EROD, DBF, GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, DNA damage and ChE) in oysters (gills, digestive glands and adductor muscles), crabs (gills, hepatopancreas and muscles) and GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, DNA damage and ChE in fish (gills, liver, intestine, muscle and brain). The 3 remaining organisms of each species were separated for analytical determinations at the levels of 17α ethinyl estradiol and triclosan. Both the substances evaluated EE2 and TCS had their presence detected in the water and in the exposed organisms. When inserted in the experimental medium, the polyethylene particles without contamination and contaminated with EE2 and TCS were able to promote biochemical effects on phase I, phase II enzymes, anti-oxidant system, lead to oxidative stress and trigger DNA damage and neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the three model species C. brasiliana, U. cordatus and C. undecimalis in the different tissues evaluated. When comparing the effects of substances adsorbed by MPs, TCS, even at lower concentrations, was more toxic than EE2 for the model species. When the organisms were compared with each other, the species factor proved to be the most relevant for the occurrence of PM effects in general. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to infer that the polyethyne microplastics associated with FPCPs 17α ethinyl-estradiol and triclosan pose a risk to tropical estuarine ecosystems and the species Crassostrea brasiliana, Ucides cordatus and Centropomus undecimalis can generate ecological disturbances to the estuarine food chain.
Domestic wastewater is a complex mixture of different substances, including microplastics and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Microplastics have affinity with hydrophobic substances such as the synthetic hormone 17α ethinyl-estradiol or the antimicrobial triclosan, and can interact in aquatic environments acting as vectors for the dispersion of these substances, with potential synergistic or additive effects. In this context, the present study aims to assess the environmental risk of microplastics as vectors of PPCPs through an ecotoxicological approach using estuarine organisms. The oyster (Crassostrea brasiliana), crab (Ucides cordatus) and fish (Centropomus undecimalis) organisms were exposed to treatments: control (C); contamination-free microplastics (MP); and microplastic contaminated with 17α ethinyl estradiol (MPE); microplastic contaminated with triclosan (MPT). The organisms were exposed for 3 and 7 days. For oysters and crabs, after exposure to 10 organisms/treatment/time, their cellular health was evaluated using the lysosomal membrane stability assay in hemolymph. After the end of the trials, tissues of 7 organisms were also separated for the analysis of biochemical biomarkers (EROD, DBF, GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, DNA damage and ChE) in oysters (gills, digestive glands and adductor muscles), crabs (gills, hepatopancreas and muscles) and GST, GPx, GSH, LPO, DNA damage and ChE in fish (gills, liver, intestine, muscle and brain). The 3 remaining organisms of each species were separated for analytical determinations at the levels of 17α ethinyl estradiol and triclosan. Both the substances evaluated EE2 and TCS had their presence detected in the water and in the exposed organisms. When inserted in the experimental medium, the polyethylene particles without contamination and contaminated with EE2 and TCS were able to promote biochemical effects on phase I, phase II enzymes, anti-oxidant system, lead to oxidative stress and trigger DNA damage and neurotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the three model species C. brasiliana, U. cordatus and C. undecimalis in the different tissues evaluated. When comparing the effects of substances adsorbed by MPs, TCS, even at lower concentrations, was more toxic than EE2 for the model species. When the organisms were compared with each other, the species factor proved to be the most relevant for the occurrence of PM effects in general. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to infer that the polyethyne microplastics associated with FPCPs 17α ethinyl-estradiol and triclosan pose a risk to tropical estuarine ecosystems and the species Crassostrea brasiliana, Ucides cordatus and Centropomus undecimalis can generate ecological disturbances to the estuarine food chain.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Partículas plásticas, 17α etinil-estradiol, Triclosan, Polietileno, Biomarcadores, Marcadores bioquímicos, Ecossistemas costeiros, Plástico, Poluentes