Aplicação regular da imersão em água fria após sessões de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade não altera o desempenho, adaptações intramusculares e a recuperação
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Data
2022-04-01
Autores
Malta, Elvis de Souza
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo da presente tese foi investigar o efeito do uso regular de imersão em água fria (IAF) associada ao treinamento físico sobre adaptações intramusculares, recuperação e no desempenho. A tese foi dividida em duas partes [estudo de revisão (parte I) e experimental (parte II)]. A parte I teve como objetivo revisar sistematicamente o efeito do uso regular da IAF associada ao treinamento resistido (desempenho de força) e treinamentos contínuo e intervalado (desempenho em exercícios de endurance) sobre desempenho físico. A parte II, conduzida em um desenho experimental, objetivou avaliar o efeito de 5 semanas de IAF após sessões de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) sobre adaptações intramusculares [pool células satélites, expressão de coativador 1 α do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma γ (PGC-1α) e proporção de fibras musculares], recuperação [marcadores sistêmicos de dano, dor, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e desempenho neuromuscular], respostas cardiorrespiratórias e desempenho. Na revisão sistemática foi realizada uma busca em bases de dados e incluídos estudos controlados, com humanos, com IAF (≤ 15°C) associada ao treinamento e avaliações de linha de base e Pós treinamento. Na etapa experimental, 16 voluntários realizaram avaliações de linha de base e Pós 5 semanas de HIIT (teste incremental e corrida até exaustão) associadas à IAF (n = 9) ou não (controle, n = 7). Biópsias musculares foram realizadas antes e após o programa de HIIT para quantificação do pool de células satélites, expressão de PGC-1α e tipagem de fibras. Ao longo treinamento foram monitoradas a carga interna da sessão e a recuperação (desempenho em saltos, dor, marcadores sistêmicos de dano muscular e VFC). Foi verificada na revisão uma diminuição no ganho de força ao associar IAF ao treinamento resistido nas variáveis de força máxima e resistência de força [média padronizada da diferença (SMD) geral = − 0,60] e no desempenho dos esforços balísticos (SMD geral = − 0,61). Por outro lado, o treinamento contínuo e intervalado associado à IAF não alterou a potência média no time-trial, potência aeróbia máxima no teste incremental (SMD geral = −0,07) ou duração do time-trial (SMD geral = 0,00). No estudo experimental, a IAF não alterou a quantidade de células satélites, a expressão de PGC-1α e a proporção de tipo de fibra muscular (p ≥ 0,312). Além disso, a IAF não alterou a carga interna e recuperação ao longo das sessões (p > 0,05). Ainda, não houve mudança em parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e no desempenho (p ≥ 0,221). Portanto, o uso regular da IAF não afetou os ganhos de desempenho quando associada ao HIIT, além de não alterar as adaptações cardiorrespiratórias, intramusculares e parâmetros de recuperação ao longo das sessões, embora parece mitigar o ganho de força do treinamento resistido.
The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the effect of the regular use of cold-water immersion (CWI) after physical training on intramuscular adaptations, recovery and performance. The thesis was divided into two parts [review study (part I) and experimental study (part II)]. Part I aimed to review the effect of CWI regular use associated to resistance training, continuous and interval training on performance. Part II aimed to evaluate the effect of 5-weeks of CWI after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions on intramuscular adaptations (satellite cell pool, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator [PGC- 1α] expression and type I and IIa fibers proportion), recovery (markers of muscle damage, pain, heart rate variability and neuromuscular performance), internal session load, maximal oxygen uptake and performance. In the review, a computerized search was performed in databases and were included controlled studies with humans, that has associated CWI (≤ 15°C) to training programs and Pre and Post training assessments. In the experimental study, 16 volunteers performed Pre and Post 5-week HIIT assessments (incremental test and maximal continuous test) associated with CWI or not (control). Muscle biopsies were performed before and after the HIIT program for quantification of satellite cells pool, PGC-1α expression and muscle fiber typing. During training, the internal load of the sessions and recovery (vertical jumps, pain, systemic muscle damage markers and autonomic response) were monitored. In the review study, CWI after resistance training decreased gains in maximum strength, maximum isometric strength and strength resistance (overall standardized mean of difference [SMD] = − 0.60), as well as for the performance of ballistic efforts (overall SMD = −0.61). On the other hand, CWI performed during continuous and interval training not affected time-trial performance (mean power), maximal aerobic power (overall SMD = −0.07), or time-trial duration (overall SMD = −0.07). 0.00). In the experimental study, CWI did not change the satellite cells pool, the PGC- 1α expression and the proportion of muscle fiber type (p ≥ 0.312). Still, there were no changes in cardiorespiratory and running performance gains (p ≥ 0.221). Therefore, the regular use of IAF does not affect performance gains in continuous and interval training, in addition to not altering cardiorespiratory and intramuscular adaptations and recovery parameters throughout the sessions, however, it seems to mitigate the strength gain of resistance training. Key-words: Cryotherapy; Muscle recovery; Performance; endurance training
The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the effect of the regular use of cold-water immersion (CWI) after physical training on intramuscular adaptations, recovery and performance. The thesis was divided into two parts [review study (part I) and experimental study (part II)]. Part I aimed to review the effect of CWI regular use associated to resistance training, continuous and interval training on performance. Part II aimed to evaluate the effect of 5-weeks of CWI after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions on intramuscular adaptations (satellite cell pool, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator [PGC- 1α] expression and type I and IIa fibers proportion), recovery (markers of muscle damage, pain, heart rate variability and neuromuscular performance), internal session load, maximal oxygen uptake and performance. In the review, a computerized search was performed in databases and were included controlled studies with humans, that has associated CWI (≤ 15°C) to training programs and Pre and Post training assessments. In the experimental study, 16 volunteers performed Pre and Post 5-week HIIT assessments (incremental test and maximal continuous test) associated with CWI or not (control). Muscle biopsies were performed before and after the HIIT program for quantification of satellite cells pool, PGC-1α expression and muscle fiber typing. During training, the internal load of the sessions and recovery (vertical jumps, pain, systemic muscle damage markers and autonomic response) were monitored. In the review study, CWI after resistance training decreased gains in maximum strength, maximum isometric strength and strength resistance (overall standardized mean of difference [SMD] = − 0.60), as well as for the performance of ballistic efforts (overall SMD = −0.61). On the other hand, CWI performed during continuous and interval training not affected time-trial performance (mean power), maximal aerobic power (overall SMD = −0.07), or time-trial duration (overall SMD = −0.07). 0.00). In the experimental study, CWI did not change the satellite cells pool, the PGC- 1α expression and the proportion of muscle fiber type (p ≥ 0.312). Still, there were no changes in cardiorespiratory and running performance gains (p ≥ 0.221). Therefore, the regular use of IAF does not affect performance gains in continuous and interval training, in addition to not altering cardiorespiratory and intramuscular adaptations and recovery parameters throughout the sessions, however, it seems to mitigate the strength gain of resistance training. Key-words: Cryotherapy; Muscle recovery; Performance; endurance training
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Palavras-chave
Crioterapia, Recuperação muscular, Desempenho, Treinamento de endurance, Músculos - Regeneração, Cryotherapy, Muscle recovery, Performance, Endurance training