Filogenia de Synoeca (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) por evidência total
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Data
2022-01-26
Autores
Ribeiro, Iago Siviero
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Dentro do grupo das vespas enxameadoras, que constituem a tribo Epiponini, encontramos o gênero Synoeca de Saussure, 1852, conhecidas popularmente como marimbondo-tatu por conta do formato de seus ninhos. Apresentam distribuição neotropical sendo que cinco de suas seis espécies ocorrem no Brasil, onde ocupam praticamente todo o território nacional desde a Amazônia até a Mata Atlântica e Sul do país. Chaves de identificação foram propostas, porém sem incluir Synoeca ilheensis, que foi descrita em 2017. Ademais, Synoeca corresponde ao gênero dentro de Epiponini com o maior número de hipóteses filogenéticas. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho buscou elucidar a posição da nova espécie dentro da filogenia do grupo e propor uma chave de identificação atualizada para o gênero. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise filogenética com evidência total através da combinação de dados moleculares, morfológicos e comportamentais, com os terminais compreendendo todas as espécies de Synoeca. Os grupos externos foram representados com uma espécie de cada um dos cinco gêneros: Asteleca, Clypearia, Epipona, Metapolybia e Polybia, sendo o último gênero utilizado como referência para o enraizamento da árvore. Foram levantados caracteres da morfologia externa dos adultos para a confecção da matriz de dados morfológicos e chave taxonômica. Adicionalmente, foram incluídos caracteres moleculares de cinco genes: três mitocondriais e dois nucleares. Os caracteres referentes aos traços comportamentais foram obtidos através da bibliografia prévia do grupo. Foram obtidos 389 caracteres, sendo sendo 354 caracteres moleculares informativos, 28 morfológicos e 7 comportamentais que resultaram em um cladograma que apoia a monofilia do gênero e apresenta uma nova visão para o grupo, com uma divisão em dois clados e o posicionamento de Synoeca ilheensis como espécie irmã de Synoeca surinama na posição mais derivada do gênero, concordando com a literatura mais recentemente publicada em relação as espécies já estudadas anteriormente. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova proposta de filogenia para Synoeca que posiciona Synoeca ilheensis de forma coerente em relação as filogenias já apresentadas para o gênero e fornece uma nova ferramenta de identificação para as espécies do grupo.
Within the group of swarm-founding wasps, which constitutes the Epiponini tribe, the genus Synoeca de Saussure, 1852, popularly known as warrior wasps, is found. In Brazil they receive the name of armadillo wasps because of the shape of their nests. With a neotropical distribution and five of their six species occuring in Brazil, where they occupy practically the entire national territory from the Amazon to Atlantic Forest and South of the country. Identification keys have been proposed, but none including Synoeca ilheensis, which was described in 2017. Furthermore, Synoeca corresponds to the genus within Epiponini with the highest number of phylogenetic hypotheses. Thus, the present work proposes to elucidate the position of the new species in the phylogeny of the group and to propose an updated identification key for the genus. For this, a total evidence phylogenetic analysis was performed through the combination of molecular, morphological and behavioral data, with the ingroup comprising all species of Synoeca. The outgroups were represented with one species from each of the five genera: Asteloeca, Clypearia, Epipona, Metapolybia and Polybia, the last genus being used as a reference for rooting the tree. Characters of the external morphology of adults were collected to create the morphological data matrix and taxonomic key. Additionally, molecular characters of five genes were included: three mitochondrial and two nuclear. Characters referring to behavioral traits were obtained from the group's previous bibliography. A total of 389 characters were obtained, being 354 informative molecular, 28 morphological and 7 behavioral that resulted in a cladogram that supports the monophyly of the genus and presents a new vision for the group, with a division into two clades and positioning Synoeca ilheensis as sister species of Synoeca surinama in the most derived position of the genus, agreeing with the most recently published literature considering the species previously studied. This work presents a new phylogenetic proposal for Synoeca that positions Synoeca ilheensis coherently in relation to the phylogenies already presented for the genus and provides a new identification tool for the species of the group.
Within the group of swarm-founding wasps, which constitutes the Epiponini tribe, the genus Synoeca de Saussure, 1852, popularly known as warrior wasps, is found. In Brazil they receive the name of armadillo wasps because of the shape of their nests. With a neotropical distribution and five of their six species occuring in Brazil, where they occupy practically the entire national territory from the Amazon to Atlantic Forest and South of the country. Identification keys have been proposed, but none including Synoeca ilheensis, which was described in 2017. Furthermore, Synoeca corresponds to the genus within Epiponini with the highest number of phylogenetic hypotheses. Thus, the present work proposes to elucidate the position of the new species in the phylogeny of the group and to propose an updated identification key for the genus. For this, a total evidence phylogenetic analysis was performed through the combination of molecular, morphological and behavioral data, with the ingroup comprising all species of Synoeca. The outgroups were represented with one species from each of the five genera: Asteloeca, Clypearia, Epipona, Metapolybia and Polybia, the last genus being used as a reference for rooting the tree. Characters of the external morphology of adults were collected to create the morphological data matrix and taxonomic key. Additionally, molecular characters of five genes were included: three mitochondrial and two nuclear. Characters referring to behavioral traits were obtained from the group's previous bibliography. A total of 389 characters were obtained, being 354 informative molecular, 28 morphological and 7 behavioral that resulted in a cladogram that supports the monophyly of the genus and presents a new vision for the group, with a division into two clades and positioning Synoeca ilheensis as sister species of Synoeca surinama in the most derived position of the genus, agreeing with the most recently published literature considering the species previously studied. This work presents a new phylogenetic proposal for Synoeca that positions Synoeca ilheensis coherently in relation to the phylogenies already presented for the genus and provides a new identification tool for the species of the group.
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Palavras-chave
Entomologia, Filogenia, Epiponini, Taxonomia, Vespas sociais, Synoeca, Entomology, Phylogenetic, Taxonomy, Social wasp