Efetividade do mico-leão-preto Leontopithecus chrysopygus como dispersor de sementes e seu papel na regeneração florestal
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Data
2022-04-13
Autores
Silva, Anne Sophie de Almeida e
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As interações mutualísticas entre frutos carnosos e vertebrados representam a principal estratégia de dispersão das sementes em florestas tropicais. Ao mesmo tempo, com a extinção de frugívoros maiores, pequenos frugívoros que persistem em áreas alteradas, podem ser particularmente importantes na manutenção das interações de dispersão. No entanto, ainda desconhecemos a contribuição de pequenos primatas dispersores em redes ecológicas. Nesta tese, avaliamos o quão redundante ou complementar é o papel desempenhado por um pequeno primata, o mico-leão-preto (MLP) como dispersor em diferentes comunidades, partindo da lista de espécies vegetais dispersadas por eles e compartilhadas com mamíferos e aves simpátricas. Também analisamos as características morfológicas e bioquímicas desses frutos e morfológicas de suas sementes a fim de compreender quais melhor explicariam a dispersão pelos MLPs. Em seguida, comparamos os atributos da dispersão entre três grupos de MLP, em diferentes contextos ambientais, para avaliar até que ponto alterações do habitat influenciam no serviço de dispersão fornecido pela espécie. Por fim, por meio de experimentos de recrutamento vegetal, testamos se dispersão realizada pelos MLPs ocorre de forma não randômica para micro-habitats adequados e previsíveis para uma espécie vegetal, o Inga marginata. Adicionalmente testamos o efeito de uma segunda fase na dispersão, com a simulação da dispersão secundária por besouros coprófagos. Nossos achados revelam que pequenos dispersores generalistas são importantes na manutenção das redes de dispersão, sobretudo em áreas defaunadas, e que em redes mais preservadas, os MLPs exercem um papel mais complementar A maioria dos frutos dispersados pela espécie possuem dispersão compartilhada com outros primatas e aves simpátricas, com síndrome de dispersão ornitocórica. Os padrões comportamentais exibidos pelos MLPs, por sua vez, variam de acordo com a área, sendo que o habitat no qual os grupos se encontram parece modular o tempo de descanso, o tempo e a forma como se movem, o que influencia a distância nas quais as sementes são dispersadas nas áreas. Já a associação MLP-besouros coprófagos potencialmente configura uma dispersão direcionada, na qual a diplocoria exerce um efeito significativo e positivo no recrutamento vegetal. A partir desses resultados discutimos a contribuição da espécie enquanto dispersora para a comunidade vegetal.
Mutualistic interactions between fleshy fruits and vertebrates represent the main dispersal strategy of the seeds in tropical forests. Moreover, with the extinction of larger frugivores, the small frugivores which are persisting in disturbed areas can become specially important in maintaining the dispersion interactions. However, we still don’t know the contribution of small primate dispersers in ecological networks. In this thesis, we evaluated how redundant or complementary is the role played by a small primate, the black-lion-tamarin (BLT), as a disperser in different communities, using the list of plant species dispersed by them and shared with sympatric mammals and birds. We assessed the morphological and biochemical characteristics of these fruits, and also the morphological characteristics of their seeds, in order to understand which would better explain the dispersion by BLTs. After, we compared the attributes of dispersion between three groups of BLT, in different environmental contexts, to assess the extent to which habitat changes influence the dispersal service provided by the species. Finally, through experiments of plant recruitment, we tested whether the dispersion performed by BLTs is non-randomly in adequate and predictable microhabitats for a plant species, the Inga marginata. Additionally, we tested the effect of a second phase in the dispersion, with the simulation of secondary dispersion by coprophagous beetles. Our findings reveal that small generalist dispersers are important in the maintenance of dispersal networks, especially in defaunated areas, and that the BLTs play a complementary role in more preserved networks. Most of the fruits dispersed by BLT are also dispersed by other sympatric primates and birds, with ornithochoric dispersion syndrome. The behavioral patterns showed by BLTs vary by area, being that the habitat in which the groups are found seems to modulate resting time, and the way and time they move. These influence the distance at which the seeds are dispersed in the areas. On the other hand, the BLT-coprophagous beetles potentially configures a directed dispersion, in which the diplochory exerts a significant and positive effect in the plant recruitment. Based on these results, we discuss the contribution of the BLT as a disperser to the plant community.
Mutualistic interactions between fleshy fruits and vertebrates represent the main dispersal strategy of the seeds in tropical forests. Moreover, with the extinction of larger frugivores, the small frugivores which are persisting in disturbed areas can become specially important in maintaining the dispersion interactions. However, we still don’t know the contribution of small primate dispersers in ecological networks. In this thesis, we evaluated how redundant or complementary is the role played by a small primate, the black-lion-tamarin (BLT), as a disperser in different communities, using the list of plant species dispersed by them and shared with sympatric mammals and birds. We assessed the morphological and biochemical characteristics of these fruits, and also the morphological characteristics of their seeds, in order to understand which would better explain the dispersion by BLTs. After, we compared the attributes of dispersion between three groups of BLT, in different environmental contexts, to assess the extent to which habitat changes influence the dispersal service provided by the species. Finally, through experiments of plant recruitment, we tested whether the dispersion performed by BLTs is non-randomly in adequate and predictable microhabitats for a plant species, the Inga marginata. Additionally, we tested the effect of a second phase in the dispersion, with the simulation of secondary dispersion by coprophagous beetles. Our findings reveal that small generalist dispersers are important in the maintenance of dispersal networks, especially in defaunated areas, and that the BLTs play a complementary role in more preserved networks. Most of the fruits dispersed by BLT are also dispersed by other sympatric primates and birds, with ornithochoric dispersion syndrome. The behavioral patterns showed by BLTs vary by area, being that the habitat in which the groups are found seems to modulate resting time, and the way and time they move. These influence the distance at which the seeds are dispersed in the areas. On the other hand, the BLT-coprophagous beetles potentially configures a directed dispersion, in which the diplochory exerts a significant and positive effect in the plant recruitment. Based on these results, we discuss the contribution of the BLT as a disperser to the plant community.
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Zoologia, Mico-leão-preto, Sementes, Redes ecológicas, Diplocoria, Zoology, Black-lion-tamarin, Seeds, Ecological networks, Diplochory