Mudança do quadro verbal brasileiro em sentenças condicionais: contribuições à sociolinguística histórica
Carregando...
Data
2022-04-25
Autores
Brandão, Sílvia Maria
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Realizou-se, com base nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006 [1968]; LABOV, 2008 [1972], 1994, 2001, 2010) e da Sociolinguística Histórica (ROMAINE, 1982; CONDE-SILVESTRE, 2007), um estudo socio-histórico acerca da mudança no quadro verbal em sentenças condicionais encabeçadas pela conjunção se que repousam sobre noções ligadas à potencialidade e à irrealidade. A tese é a de que há uma mudança em curso, em que formas, tradicionalmente associadas à noção de certeza, como as de presente do indicativo, por exemplo, têm tido ao longo dos anos um aumento exponencial de uso em contextos que veiculam maior incerteza, concorrendo com formas de futuro, sintético e analítico. Isso implica na compreensão de que a expressão de valores ocorre não somente via morfologia verbal: a (in)certeza veiculada no interior das condicionais ocorre pela combinação dos elementos que compõem o arranjo como um todo, e não apenas pela flexão verbal. Para tal, foi criada uma tipologia de análise de condicionais, ligada à sua vinculação sintático-semântica e aos seus valores semântico-pragmático-discursivos. Operando com o conceito de empregabilidade (HYMES, 1972) e de pressuposto (STALNAKER, 2002), analisamos combinações verbais em dois envelopes de variação – potenciais e irreais. A pesquisa é realizada a partir de um corpus de peças de teatro brasileiras dos séculos XIX, XX e XXI e as hipóteses são testadas estatisticamente com o auxílio do R (CORE TEAM, 2019). A partir da tese acerca da mudança, traçamos um panorama do modo como as combinações modo-temporais se distribuiriam ao longo do tempo nos dois envelopes – de potenciais e irreais -, bem como do modo como seus condicionadores (linguísticos e sociais) afetaram a mudança. Os resultados apontam para a existência de processos paralelos de mudança que seguem em ritmos distintos, mas a sincronia que compreende de 1930 a 1964 configura-se como um turning point, ao apresentar rompimentos em relação à até então preferência por formas de futuro sintético em apódoses de ambos os tipos de condicionais: nas irreais, futuro do pretérito (compraria) concede espaço às formas de imperfeito do indicativo (comprava) e de perífrases formadas a partir do auxiliar ir flexionado no imperfeito + verbo no infinitivo (ia comprar); nas potenciais, futuro do presente do indicativo (comprará) tem seu uso diminuído em razão da ampliação do uso de presente do indicativo (compra) e da perífrase formada a partir do verbo ir flexionado no presente do indicativo + verbo no infinitivo (vai comprar). Esse turning point coincide com aspectos identitários da história do Brasil, pois, a partir de 1930, há mudanças substanciais do ponto de vista político, econômico e social no país. Identificou-se uma mudança vinda de baixo, com uso de combinações inovadoras ocorrendo em maior escala entre personagens de classes mais baixas, em ambos os tipos de condicionais. Variáveis linguísticas, como ancoragem temporal, paradigma de conjugação e semântica do verbo agiram diferentemente nos dois tipos de condicionais e, nas potenciais, há forte efeito lexical. Levando-se em conta variáveis sociais nem sempre exploradas em outros trabalhos, devido à falta de acesso a essas informações socio-históricas em tempos mais remotos, esta pesquisa também pode trazer contribuições para reflexões teórico-metodológicas no âmbito da Sociolinguística Histórica.
Based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006 [1968]; LABOV, 2008 [1972], 1994, 2001, 2010) and Historical Sociolinguistics (ROMAINE, 1982; CONDE- SILVESTRE, 2007), a socio-historical study about the change in the verbal frame in conditional sentences headed by the conjunction se that rest upon notions related to potentialis and irrealis. The thesis is that there is an ongoing change, in which forms, traditionally associated with the notion of certainty, such as the present tense, for example, have had an exponential increase in use over the years in contexts that convey greater uncertainty, competing with forms of the future, synthetic and analytical. This implies the understanding that the expression of values occurs not only via verbal morphology: the (un)certainty conveyed within the conditionals occurs through the combination of the elements that make up the arrangement as a whole, and not only through verbal morphology. For this, a conditional analysis typology was created, linked to their syntactic-semantic and to their semantic-pragmatic-discursive values. Operating with the concept of employability (HYMES, 1972) and presupposition (STALNAKER, 2002), we analyzed verbal combinations in two variation envelopes – potential and unreal. The research is carried out from a corpus of Brazilian theater plays from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries and the hypotheses are statistically tested with the help of R (CORE TEAM, 2019). Based on the thesis related to change, we traced an overview of the way in which the temporal-mode combinations would be distributed over time in the two envelopes – of potentials and unreals -, as well as the way in which their conditioners (linguistic and social) affected the change. The results point to the existence of parallel processes of change that follow at different rhythms, but the synchrony that comprises from 1930 to 1964 is configured as a turning point, as it presents ruptures in relation to the hitherto preference for forms of synthetic future in apódoses of both types of conditionals: in the irreais, the future tense (compraria) gives space to the imperfect indicative forms (comprava) and of periphrases formed from the auxiliary ir in the imperfect past + verb in the infinitive (ia comprar); in potentials, the simple future tense of the indicative (comprará) has its use decreased due to the expansion of the use of the present tense (compra) and the periphrasis formed from the verb ir inflected in the present tense + verb in the infinitive (vai comprar). This turning point coincides with identity aspects of the history of Brazil, since, from 1930 on, there were substantial changes from a political, economic and social point of view in the country. A change from below was identified, with the use of innovative combinations occurring on a larger scale among lower-class characters, in both types of conditionals. Linguistic variables, such as temporal anchoring, conjugation paradigm and verb semantics acted differently in the two types of conditionals and, in the potential ones, there is a strong lexical effect. Taking into account social variables not always explored in other works, due to the lack of access to this socio-historical information in more remote times, this research can also bring contributions to theoretical-methodological reflections in the scope of Historical Sociolinguistics.
Based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006 [1968]; LABOV, 2008 [1972], 1994, 2001, 2010) and Historical Sociolinguistics (ROMAINE, 1982; CONDE- SILVESTRE, 2007), a socio-historical study about the change in the verbal frame in conditional sentences headed by the conjunction se that rest upon notions related to potentialis and irrealis. The thesis is that there is an ongoing change, in which forms, traditionally associated with the notion of certainty, such as the present tense, for example, have had an exponential increase in use over the years in contexts that convey greater uncertainty, competing with forms of the future, synthetic and analytical. This implies the understanding that the expression of values occurs not only via verbal morphology: the (un)certainty conveyed within the conditionals occurs through the combination of the elements that make up the arrangement as a whole, and not only through verbal morphology. For this, a conditional analysis typology was created, linked to their syntactic-semantic and to their semantic-pragmatic-discursive values. Operating with the concept of employability (HYMES, 1972) and presupposition (STALNAKER, 2002), we analyzed verbal combinations in two variation envelopes – potential and unreal. The research is carried out from a corpus of Brazilian theater plays from the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries and the hypotheses are statistically tested with the help of R (CORE TEAM, 2019). Based on the thesis related to change, we traced an overview of the way in which the temporal-mode combinations would be distributed over time in the two envelopes – of potentials and unreals -, as well as the way in which their conditioners (linguistic and social) affected the change. The results point to the existence of parallel processes of change that follow at different rhythms, but the synchrony that comprises from 1930 to 1964 is configured as a turning point, as it presents ruptures in relation to the hitherto preference for forms of synthetic future in apódoses of both types of conditionals: in the irreais, the future tense (compraria) gives space to the imperfect indicative forms (comprava) and of periphrases formed from the auxiliary ir in the imperfect past + verb in the infinitive (ia comprar); in potentials, the simple future tense of the indicative (comprará) has its use decreased due to the expansion of the use of the present tense (compra) and the periphrasis formed from the verb ir inflected in the present tense + verb in the infinitive (vai comprar). This turning point coincides with identity aspects of the history of Brazil, since, from 1930 on, there were substantial changes from a political, economic and social point of view in the country. A change from below was identified, with the use of innovative combinations occurring on a larger scale among lower-class characters, in both types of conditionals. Linguistic variables, such as temporal anchoring, conjugation paradigm and verb semantics acted differently in the two types of conditionals and, in the potential ones, there is a strong lexical effect. Taking into account social variables not always explored in other works, due to the lack of access to this socio-historical information in more remote times, this research can also bring contributions to theoretical-methodological reflections in the scope of Historical Sociolinguistics.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Sociolinguística Histórica, Mudança linguística, Morfossintaxe, Sentenças condicionais, Tempo-modo verbais, Historical Sociolinguistics, Linguistic change, Morphosyntax, Conditional clauses