Fauna atropelada do Estado de São Paulo – Estudo de caso na Rodovia Marechal Rondon: Desafios e soluções
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Data
2022-06-01
Autores
Ramos, Gabriela Cortellini Ferreira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As primeiras estradas teriam sido construídas aproximadamente 3000 a.C., e, a partir da década de 1920, no Brasil, o sistema rodoviário se transformou na principal rede de transporte terrestre. Os empreendimentos lineares são essenciais na infraestrutura necessária ao desenvolvimento econômico de um país, porém são responsáveis por vários impactos sociais e ambientais, como poluição sonora e luminosa, fragmentação de habitats, dispersão de espécies exóticas e a perda da fauna por atropelamento, sendo esse último, a causa direta da mortalidade de vertebrados silvestres mais evidente da fragmentação de habitats. A malha rodoviária brasileira possui cerca de 1,7 milhão de quilômetros de extensão e uma frota de mais de 107 milhões de veículos, e, entre as diversas categorias de acidentes rodoviários, os acidentes provocados por animais representam a única categoria que demanda a indenização do usuário por parte do administrador rodoviário. Ao analisar os valores gastos com indenizações e o que seria gasto com infraestrutura, é observado que seria mais estratégico mitigar acidentes específicos envolvendo a fauna, do que ter que arcar com indenizações. As exigências de estudos sobre os impactos causados por grandes obras, dentre elas, as rodovias, abriu um novo campo de estudo, a Ecologia de Estradas, que envolve a função das estradas como ecossistemas, seus efeitos deletérios, e o gerenciamento desses empreendimentos. A chamada “fauna de estrada” pode servir como indicador da biodiversidade local, fornecer dados ecológicos sobre a história natural de algumas espécies, e revelar aspectos como o padrão de deslocamento e a dinâmica sazonal de algumas populações de espécies presentes na comunidade. Outro campo de estudo é a “Ecologia da Paisagem”, uma área de conhecimento que relaciona conceitos geográficos e biológicos para analisar a estrutura espacial da paisagem. Com estas informações pode-se avaliar o estágio de conservação local e estabelecer áreas prioritárias para proteção e manejo da fauna que utiliza rodovias como parte de seu habitat. Visando à preservação da diversidade biológica e consequentemente o banco genético animal, torna-se necessária à adoção de medidas mitigatórias para conter o impacto à fauna. Pensando nessa problemática, estudos vêm tentando identificar os chamados hotspots de atropelamentos, que consistem em trechos das rodovias que apresentam o maior índice de acidentes envolvendo a fauna, e, por meio da identificação, é possível traçar medidas de mitigação a fim de minimizar os impactos às populações ou comunidades de animais silvestres. As medidas de mitigação visam basicamente restabelecer algum grau de conectividade para minimizar o efeito de barreira e impedir os atropelamentos em pontos mais suscetíveis, podendo ser intervenções estruturais, manejo de usuários e manejo biológico. O objetivo geral desse estudo foi identificar o impacto de um trecho da rodovia SP-300 sob a fauna local, e, a partir do conhecimento gerado, estabelecer estratégias de mitigação.
The first roads would have been built approximately 3000 BC, and from the 1920s, in Brazil, the road system became the main land transport network. Linear projects are essential in the infrastructure necessary for the economic development of a country, but they are responsible for several social and environmental impacts, such as noise and light pollution, habitat fragmentation, dispersion of exotic species and the loss of fauna by trampling, the latter being , the most evident direct cause of wild vertebrate mortality from habitat fragmentation. The Brazilian road network is about 1.7 million kilometers long and has a fleet of more than 107 million vehicles, and, among the different categories of road accidents, accidents caused by animals represent the only category that demands compensation from the user by the road administrator. When analyzing the amounts spent on compensation and what would be spent on infrastructure, it is observed that it would be more strategic to mitigate specific accidents involving the fauna, than having to pay compensation. The demands of studies on the impacts caused by major works, including highways, opened a new field of study, the Ecology of Roads, which involves the role of roads as ecosystems, their deleterious effects, and the management of these projects. The so-called “road fauna” can serve as an indicator of local biodiversity, provide ecological data on the natural history of some species, and reveal aspects such as the pattern of displacement and the seasonal dynamics of some populations of species present in the community. Another field of study is “Landscape Ecology”, an area of knowledge that relates geographic and biological concepts to analyze the spatial structure of the landscape. With this information, it is possible to assess the stage of local conservation and establish priority areas for the protection and management of fauna that use roads as part of their habitat. In order to preserve biological diversity and consequently the animal genetic bank, it is necessary to adopt mitigating measures to contain the impact on fauna. Thinking about this problem, studies have been trying to identify the so-called roadkill hotspots, which consist of stretches of highways that have the highest rate of accidents involving fauna, and, through identification, it is possible to outline mitigation measures in order to minimize the impacts to populations or communities of wild animals. Mitigation measures basically aim to re-establish some degree of connectivity to minimize the barrier effect and prevent trampling at more susceptible points, which can be structural interventions, user management and biological management. The general objective of this study was to identify the impact of a stretch of the SP-300 highway on the local fauna, and, based on the knowledge generated, to establish mitigation strategies.
The first roads would have been built approximately 3000 BC, and from the 1920s, in Brazil, the road system became the main land transport network. Linear projects are essential in the infrastructure necessary for the economic development of a country, but they are responsible for several social and environmental impacts, such as noise and light pollution, habitat fragmentation, dispersion of exotic species and the loss of fauna by trampling, the latter being , the most evident direct cause of wild vertebrate mortality from habitat fragmentation. The Brazilian road network is about 1.7 million kilometers long and has a fleet of more than 107 million vehicles, and, among the different categories of road accidents, accidents caused by animals represent the only category that demands compensation from the user by the road administrator. When analyzing the amounts spent on compensation and what would be spent on infrastructure, it is observed that it would be more strategic to mitigate specific accidents involving the fauna, than having to pay compensation. The demands of studies on the impacts caused by major works, including highways, opened a new field of study, the Ecology of Roads, which involves the role of roads as ecosystems, their deleterious effects, and the management of these projects. The so-called “road fauna” can serve as an indicator of local biodiversity, provide ecological data on the natural history of some species, and reveal aspects such as the pattern of displacement and the seasonal dynamics of some populations of species present in the community. Another field of study is “Landscape Ecology”, an area of knowledge that relates geographic and biological concepts to analyze the spatial structure of the landscape. With this information, it is possible to assess the stage of local conservation and establish priority areas for the protection and management of fauna that use roads as part of their habitat. In order to preserve biological diversity and consequently the animal genetic bank, it is necessary to adopt mitigating measures to contain the impact on fauna. Thinking about this problem, studies have been trying to identify the so-called roadkill hotspots, which consist of stretches of highways that have the highest rate of accidents involving fauna, and, through identification, it is possible to outline mitigation measures in order to minimize the impacts to populations or communities of wild animals. Mitigation measures basically aim to re-establish some degree of connectivity to minimize the barrier effect and prevent trampling at more susceptible points, which can be structural interventions, user management and biological management. The general objective of this study was to identify the impact of a stretch of the SP-300 highway on the local fauna, and, based on the knowledge generated, to establish mitigation strategies.
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Palavras-chave
Acidentes de trânsito, Animais selvagens, Biodiversidade, Ecologia, Traffic accidents, Wild animals, Biodiversity, Ecology