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  • ItemArtigo
    Energy cost of physical activities in growing broilers
    (2023-01-01) Horna, F. [UNESP]; Leandro, G. S. [UNESP]; Bícego, K. C. [UNESP]; Macari, M. [UNESP]; Reis, M. P. [UNESP]; Cerrate, S.; Sakomura, N. K. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Credinser LLC
    1. The time-energy budget method estimates the energy used for physical activity (PA) by integrating behaviour PA patterns with energy cost for specific PAs. Nevertheless, information about individual energy cost by type of PA are not available and so this study estimated the energy cost of PA for growing broilers. 2. An indirect calorimetry system for single birds was constructed to measure the variation in the rate of O2 consumption ((Formula presented.) O2, L/min) and rate of CO2 production ((Formula presented.) CO2, L/min) produced by these PAs. 3. A total of five birds were used in a replicated trial where their body weight (BW) ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 kg to measure the increase in heat production (HP) above resting levels as a result of PA. The procedure in the chamber was divided into five steps: (1) initial baselining, (2) resting metabolic rate, (3) PA such as feeding, drinking and other standing activities, (4) removal of gas exchange produced in step 3, and (5) final baselining. The PA was recorded using a video camera fixed at the chamber’s top (and outside). 4. The area under (Formula presented.) CO2 and (Formula presented.) O2 curves was used to calculate the CO2 production (vCO2, L) and O2 consumption (vO2, L). Then, the HP (cal/kg−0.75) was calculated according to the Brouwer equation. Two observers analysed the video records to estimate the time spent for each PA (seconds and frequency). 5. To calculate the energetic coefficients, the HP was regressed with the function of time spent to perform each PA allowing to estimate the energy cost for eating, drinking and stand activities, which were 0.607, 0.352 and 0.938 cal/kg−0.75/s, respectively.
  • ItemArtigo
    Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry
    (2023-01-01) Riveros, Rony Lizana [UNESP]; de Sousa Camargos, Rosiane [UNESP]; Macari, Marcos [UNESP]; de Paula Reis, Matheus [UNESP]; Leme, Bruno Balbino [UNESP]; Sakomura, Nilva Kazue [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R–t)×I+L; I = 1 if tR; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
  • ItemCapítulo de livro
    Behavioural Responses of Domestic Animals for Adapting to Thermal Stress
    (2022-01-01) Fonsêca, Vinícius F. C. [UNESP]; Saraiva, Edilson P.; Dos Santos, José D. C.; da Cunha Morais, Larissa Kellen; Nascimento, Sheila T.; De Melo Costa, Cíntia C. [UNESP]; Moura, Gustavo B. [UNESP]; Neta, Geni Caetano Xavier [UNESP]; Bícego, Kênia C. [UNESP]; Sejian, Veerasamy; Neto, Marcos Chiquitelli [UNESP]; Maia, Alex S. C. [UNESP]; Federal University of Paraiba; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); State University of Maringá; ICAR-National Institute Animal Nutrition and Physiology
    Animals use behaviour to alleviate the feelings of hot and cold, by avoiding situations that arouse those feelings. That is the basis of behavioural thermoregulation. By employing behavioural thermoregulation, domestic animals can manipulate heat exchanges between body surface and surrounding environment, thus reducing demands for evaporative water loss and heat production in order to regulate body temperature. Availability of buffered microclimates and possibility for animals to employ behavioural thermoregulation is of utmost importance for those that have a high surface area to volume ratio. By observing the animal’s behaviour, farmers can easily predict how animals are coping with thermal challenges and to get insights about their preferences. This chapter briefly discusses the importance of behavioural thermoregulation under the context of domestic animals. Specifically, (1) the association between body size and relevance of thermoregulatory behaviour; (2) evidences on how shade or shelter-seeking behaviour and body orientation adjustments helps neonates and adult animals to save water and energy; and ultimately (3) to prospect future studies involving behavioural thermoregulation of free-ranging livestock, particularly to better predict how they use some kind of behavioural plasticity to buffer direct and indirect impact of climate change.
  • ItemArtigo
    Maternal and fetal ultrasonography, vulvar temperature and vaginal mucous impedance for the prediction of parturition in Saanen does
    (2023-01-01) Del’Aguila-Silva, Priscila [UNESP]; dos Santos, Fabiana Cirino [UNESP]; Aires, Luiz Paulo Nogueira [UNESP]; Uscategui, Ricardo Andres Ramirez; Amoroso, Lizandra [UNESP]; Vicente, Wilter Ricardo Russiano [UNESP]; Feliciano, Marcus Antônio Rossi; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidad CES; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate modifications of vaginal mucous impedance, vulvar temperature and ultrasonographic measurements (echobiometric parameters) to parturition in pregnant Saanen does. 30 does were selected for the study and submitted to an estrus synchronization protocol and natural mating. The females were evaluated daily from Day 143 of pregnancy to parturition. For the sonographic evaluations, the following structures were measured: biparietal diameter, thoracic diameter, abdominal diameter, ocular orbit, kidney length, kidney height, cardiac area, placentome length, cervical measurement and fetal heart rate; by means of two different approaches: transrectal and transabdominal, using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer. The vaginal mucous impedance was assessed using an electric estrous detector and vulvar temperature was measured using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Statistical analysis was performed using the R-project software and the significance level was set at 5% for all tests. 25 Saanen does became pregnant, resulting in 80.33% pregnancy rate. Fetal heart rate was negatively correlated to the hours to parturition (p<0,001; r-Pearson= -0,451), as well as vaginal temperature (p= 0,001; r-Pearson= -0,275), while cervical thickness was positively correlated to hours to parturition (p<0,001; r-Pearson= 0,490). The echobiometric parameters (biparietal diameter, thoracic diameter, abdominal diameter, ocular orbit, kidney length and height, cardiac area, placentome length), as well as vaginal mucous impedance did not vary throughout the timepoints of evaluation and did not correlate to the moment of parturition. It was concluded that the parameters of fetal heartbeat, vaginal temperature and cervical effacement in the last week of pregnancy provide valuable information regarding the proximity of parturition.
  • ItemArtigo
    Sex- and age-specific respiratory alterations induced by prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 in rats
    (2023-07-01) Patrone, Luis Gustavo A. [UNESP]; Ferrari, Gustavo D.; da Silva, Rodrigo Moreira; Alberici, Luciane C.; Lopes, Norberto Peporine; Stabile, Angelita M.; Klein, Wilfried; Bícego, Kênia C. [UNESP]; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    Background and Purpose: Cannabis legalization has risen in many countries, and its use during pregnancy has increased. The endocannabinoid system is present in the CNS at early stages of embryonic development, and regulates functional brain maturation including areas responsible for respiratory control, data on the influence of external cannabinoids on the development of the respiratory system and possible consequences during postnatal life are limited. Experimental Approach: We evaluated the effects of prenatal exposure to synthetic cannabinoid (WIN 55,212-2 [WIN], 0.5 mg·kg−1·day−1) on the respiratory control system in neonatal (P0, P6–7 and P12–13) and juvenile (P27–28) male and female rats. Key Results: WIN administration to pregnant rats interfered sex-specifically with breathing regulation of offspring, promoting a greater sensitivity to CO2 at all ages in males (except P6–7) and in juvenile females. An altered hypoxic chemoreflex was observed in P0 (hyperventilation) and P6–7 (hypoventilation) males, which was absent in females. Along with breathing alterations, brainstem analysis showed an increase in the number of catecholaminergic neurons and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and changes in tissue respiration in the early males. A reduction in pulmonary compliance was observed in juvenile male rats. Preexposure to WIN enhanced spontaneous apnoea and reduced the number of serotoninergic (5-HT) neurons in the raphe magnus nucleus of P0 females. Conclusions and Implications: These data demonstrate that excess stimulation of the endocannabinoid system during gestation has prolonged and sex-specific consequences for the respiratory control system.
  • ItemArtigo
    Topical application of gentamicin or cephalothin in the healing of surgical wounds in dogs
    (2022-01-01) Minto, Bruno Watanabe [UNESP]; Pazzini, Josiane Morais; Kawamoto, Fernando Yoiti Kitamura [UNESP]; Franco, Guilherme Galhardo [UNESP]; Borsaro, Camila Portério [UNESP]; Zanato, Laura [UNESP]; Castro do Nascimento Hama, Lismara [UNESP]; Amoroso, Lizandra [UNESP]; Magalhães, Thaís Vendramini [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); UNILAGO
    The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of local administration of gentamicin or cephalothin on the healing of surgical wounds in dogs. Thirty healthy dogs were submitted to surgical castration. They were divided into 2 groups of 15 animals. After the surgical procedure, two 0.6 cm circular cutaneous wounds were made in the abdominal region. Group 1 received 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline in one wound and 0.1 ml of gentamicin (40 mg / ml) in the other wound; and group 2 received 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline and 0.1 ml of cephalothin (200 mg / ml); respectively. All wounds were sutured and assessed macroscopically 1, 3 and 10 days after the operation. On day 10, an incisional biopsy was performed for histopathological evaluation. All analyzes of macroscopic variables did not show significant differences between groups (P <0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for microscopic evaluation of collagenization, vascularization, edema and inflammatory cells (P <0.05). Thus, the topical use of the tested antibiotics does not influence skin healing in dogs.
  • ItemArtigo
    Intra-uterine diazepam exposure decreases the number of catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurons of neonate rats
    (2023-01-31) da Silva Junior, Carlos Aparecido [UNESP]; Marques, Danuzia A.; Patrone, Luís Gustavo A. [UNESP]; Biancardi, Vivian; Bícego, Kênia C. [UNESP]; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; William & Mary; Université Laval; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Alberta
    Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (DZP), are used to treat anxiety disorders, and are prescribed to pregnant woman for therapeutic purposes. Concerns regarding their consequences on postnatal development rise as they cross the placenta and interact with the embryo. Occurrence of malformation and behavioral syndromes have been reported for different ages, but little is known about their effects on the brain after exposure during intrauterine life. Thus, we sought to evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to DZP on the number of brainstem's catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons, implicated in respiratory control, in male and female rats on postnatal (P) day 12–13, using immunofluorescence labeling for tyrosine–hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5–HT). We observed a reduction in the number of catecholaminergic neurons for males and females. Special attention is given to the reduction in the density of neurons in the A6 region, involved in ventilatory responses to CO2. Interestingly, only males showed a reduction in the number of serotonergic neurons, while females were not affected. These findings suggest that in utero exposure to DZP results in deleterious neuroanatomical effects on P12–13 rats and raises a note of concern for women clinicians to make more informed choices about the use of anxiolytic treatments during gestation.
  • ItemArtigo
    Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously
    (2022-09-01) Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP]; Trindade, Pedro H. E. [UNESP]; Conde, Gabriel [UNESP]; Antonioli, Marina L. [UNESP]; Funnicelli, Michelli I. G. [UNESP]; Dias, Paula P.; Canola, Paulo A. [UNESP]; Chinelatto, Marcelo A.; Ferraz, Guilherme C. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
    Facial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal’s face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain.
  • ItemArtigo
    Metabolic and respiratory chemosensitivity and brain monoaminergic responses to cold exposure in chicks subjected to thermal manipulation during incubation: Impact of embryonic thermal manipulation on cold response
    (2022-10-01) Rocha, Aline C.G. [UNESP]; Patrone, Luis Gustavo A. [UNESP]; Cristina-Silva, Caroline [UNESP]; Silva, Kaoma Stephani da Costa; Bícego, Kênia C. [UNESP]; Szawka, Raphael E.; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)
    We evaluated ventilation (V˙E), body temperature (TB), oxygen consumption (V˙ O2), respiratory equivalent (V˙E/ V˙ O2), and monoamine concentrations of 14-day-old (14d) male and female chicks from eggs incubated at low (LT, 36 °C), control (CT, 37.5 °C) and high (HT, 39 °C) temperature during the early embryonic phase, to normoxia, hypercapnia and hypoxia under exposure to cold environment (20 °C). At normoxia, acute cold exposure did not affect the ventilatory variables, with the exception of HT males, in which cold prevented the reduced V˙E observed under thermoneutral conditions. Exposure to 20 °C caused a decrease in TB in both sexes, and LT and HT females presented a greater hypothermic response. Hypercapnia combined with cold did not alter the ventilatory variables, but LT females and CT males and females showed a blunted CO2-induced hyperventilation due to a higher V˙ O2, compared to the same groups in thermoneutral conditions. Unlike with thermoneutral conditions, the blunted hypercapnic hyperventilation observed in the HT groups was not observed during cold challenge. CO2 exposure promoted a similar decrease in TB in the thermoneutral and acutely cold exposed groups, while LT females under cold condition presented a blunted hypothermic response. During hypoxia, cold challenge attenuated the increase in V˙E in LT females and HT males, due to changes in VT. Hypoxic metabolic depression was greater in LT females and males and HT males during cold exposure, while no change in V˙E/ V˙ O2 was observed. The only alteration in monoaminergic concentration under cold challenge was an increase in brainstem 5-HIAA and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in HT females, and an enhanced 5-HT concentration in HT males. In summary, thermal manipulation during embryogenesis induces 14d old chicks to respond differently to cold stress with LT females and HT males being more sensitive.
  • ItemArtigo
    Cutaneous TRPV4 Channels Activate Warmth-Defense Responses in Young and Adult Birds
    (2022-07-15) Cristina-Silva, Caroline [UNESP]; Amaral-Silva, Lara [UNESP]; Santos, Kassia Moreira [UNESP]; Correa, Gabriela Monteiro [UNESP]; da Silva, Welex Candido [UNESP]; Fernandes, Marcia H. M. R. [UNESP]; da Silva, Glauber S. F.; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Almeida, Maria C.; Bicego, Kenia C. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG); Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)
    Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels are sensitive to warm ambient temperatures (Tas), triggering heat loss responses in adult rats in a Tas range of ∼26–30°C. In birds, however, the thermoregulatory role of TRPV4 has never been shown. Here, we hypothesized that stimulation of TRPV4 induces thermolytic responses for body temperature (Tb) maintenance in birds, and that this function is already present in early life, when the Ta range for TRPV4 activation does not represent a warm condition for these animals. We first demonstrated the presence of TRPV4 in the dorsal and ventral skin of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) by immunohistochemistry. Then, we evaluated the effects of the TRPV4 agonist, RN1747, and the TRPV4 antagonists, HC067047 and GSK2193874, on Tb and thermoeffectors at different Tas in 5-day-old chicks and 60-day-old adult chickens. For the chicks, RN1747 transiently reduced Tb both in thermoneutrality (31°C) and in a cold Ta for this phase (26°C), which relied on huddling behavior inhibition. The TRPV4 antagonists alone did not affect Tb or thermoeffectors but blocked the Tb decrease and huddling inhibition promoted by RN1747. For the adults, TRPV4 antagonism increased Tb when animals were exposed to 28°C (suprathermoneutral condition for adults), but not to 19°C. In contrast, RN1747 decreased Tb by reducing metabolic rate and activating thermal tachypnea at 19°C, a Ta below the activation range of TRPV4. Our results indicate that peripheral TRPV4 receptors are functional in early life, but may be inhibited at that time when the range of activation (∼26–30°C) represents cold Ta for chicks, and become physiologically relevant for Tb maintenance when the activation Ta range for TRPV4 becomes suprathermoneutral for adult chickens.
  • ItemArtigo
    Predicting maximal lactate steady state from lactate thresholds determined using methods based on an incremental exercise test in beagle dogs: A study using univariate and multivariate approaches
    (2022-12-20) Ferraz, G. C. [UNESP]; Sgarbiero, T. [UNESP]; Carvalho, J. R.G. [UNESP]; Almeida, M. L.M. [UNESP]; Pereira, G. T. [UNESP]; Funnicelli, M. I.G. [UNESP]; Pinheiro, D. G. [UNESP]; Restan, A. Z. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    The reliability of four lactate threshold (LT) methods to estimate the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), defined as the highest intensity that can be maintained without plasma lactate ([La−]) accumulation over time, was determined in Beagle dogs. Six male Beagle dogs performed a standardized incremental exercise test on a treadmill when plasma lactate ([La−]) measurements were performed. The LTs for predicting MLSS, were determined by visual inspection (LTV), using a bi-segmented linear regression model (LTBI), or using a polynomial function on the [La−]/velocity ratio (LTP) by considering the vertices of the curve and calculating the point that yields the maximal distance from a curve representing [La−] as a function of velocity to the line formed by the two endpoints of the curve (LTDMAX method). The agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and ordinary least products (OLP) regression among the velocities corresponding to the LTs identified using different methods (VLTv, VLTBI, VLTP, and VLTDMAX) and the velocity corresponding to the MLSS (VMLSS). A principal component (PC) analysis approach was performed to detect the degree of co-relatedness among the variables. The mean ± SD [La−] at MLSS was 1.03 ± 0.24 mM. VMLSS had a lower mean bias with VLTv, followed by VLTBI. The VLTDMAX underestimated MLSS. VLTv and VLTBI had the lowest limits of agreement with the VMLSS. The VLTP and VLTDMAX showed relatively high limits of agreement with MLSS. VLTv, VLTBI, and VMLSS had more collinearity and were dominantly aligned with the second component (PC2). VLTv and VLTBI can be used as simple methods to objectively determine aerobic fitness in Beagle dogs.
  • ItemArtigo
    Melanin-concentrating hormone regulates the hypercapnic chemoreflex by acting in the lateral hypothalamic area
    (2022-01-01) Rodrigues, Laísa T. C. [UNESP]; Patrone, Luis Gustavo A. [UNESP]; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Dias, Mirela B. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    New Findings: What is the central question of this study? Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) suppresses the hypercapnic chemoreflex: what is the mechanism by which this effect is produced? What is the main finding and its importance? MCH acting in the lateral hypothalamic area but not in the locus coeruleus in rats, in the light period, attenuates the hypercapnic chemoreflex. The data provide new insight into the role of MCH in the modulation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Abstract: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in a broad range of homeostatic functions including regulation of the hypercapnic chemoreflex. We evaluated whether MCH modulates the hypercapnic ventilatory response by acting in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and/or in the locus coeruleus (LC). Here, we measured pulmonary ventilation ((Formula presented.)), body temperature, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) of unanaesthetized adult male Wistar rats before and after microinjection of MCH (0.4 mM) or MCH receptor 1 (MCH1-R) antagonist (SNAP-94847; 63 mM) into the LHA and LC, in room air and 7% CO2 conditions during wakefulness and sleep in the dark and light periods. MCH intra-LHA caused a decreased CO2 ventilatory response during wakefulness and sleep in the light period, while SNAP-94847 intra-LHA increased this response, during wakefulness in the light period. In the LC, MCH or the MCH1-R antagonist caused no change in the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Our results suggest that MCH, in the LHA, exerts an inhibitory modulation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response during the light-inactive period in rats.
  • ItemArtigo
    Control of Breathing in Ectothermic Vertebrates
    (2022-08-23) Milsom, William K.; Gilmour, Kathleen M.; Perry, Steve; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Hedrick, Michael S.; Kinkead, Richard; Wang, Tobias; University of British Columbia; University of Ottawa; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); California State University; Université Laval; Aarhus University
    The ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group that includes the Fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and the stem Tetrapods (Amphibians and Reptiles). From an evolutionary perspective, it is within this group that we see the origin of air-breathing and the transition from the use of water to air as a respiratory medium. This is accompanied by a switch from gills to lungs as the major respiratory organ and from oxygen to carbon dioxide as the primary respiratory stimulant. This transition first required the evolution of bimodal breathing (gas exchange with both water and air), the differential regulation of O2 and CO2 at multiple sites, periodic or intermittent ventilation, and unsteady states with wide oscillations in arterial blood gases. It also required changes in respiratory pump muscles (from buccopharyngeal muscles innervated by cranial nerves to axial muscles innervated by spinal nerves). The question of the extent to which common mechanisms of respiratory control accompany this progression is an intriguing one. While the ventilatory control systems seen in all extant vertebrates have been derived from common ancestors, the trends seen in respiratory control in the living members of each vertebrate class reflect both shared-derived features (ancestral traits) as well as unique specializations. In this overview article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the diversity that is seen in the afferent inputs (chemo and mechanoreceptor), the central respiratory rhythm generators, and the efferent outputs (drive to the respiratory pumps and valves) in this group. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-120, 2022.
  • ItemArtigo
    Prenatal fluoxetine has long-lasting, differential effects on respiratory control in male and female rats
    (2022-08-01) Biancardi, Vivian [UNESP]; Patrone, Luis Gustavo A [UNESP]; Vicente, Mariane C. [UNESP]; Marques, Danuzia A. [UNESP]; Bícego, Kênia C [UNESP]; Funk, Gregory D.; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Alberta; Université Laval
    Serotonin (5-HT) is an important modulator of brain networks that control breathing. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) is the first-line antidepressant drug prescribed during pregnancy. We investigated the effects of prenatal FLX exposure on baseline breathing, ventilatory and metabolic responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia as well as number of brainstem 5-HT and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons of rats during postnatal development (P0-82). Prenatal FLX exposure of males showed a lower baseline V̇e that appeared in juveniles and remained in adulthood, with no sleep-wake state dependency. Prenatal FLX exposure of females did not affect baseline breathing. Juvenile male FLX showed increased CO2 and hypoxic ventilatory responses, normalizing by adulthood. Alterations in juvenile FLX-treated males were associated with a greater number of 5-HT neurons in the raphe obscurus (ROB) and raphe magnus (RMAG). Adult FLX-exposed males showed greater number of 5-HT neurons in the raphe pallidus (RPA) and TH neurons in the A5, whereas reduced number of TH neurons in A7. Prenatal FLX exposure of female rats was associated with greater hyperventilation induced by hypercapnia at P0-2 and juveniles, whereas P12-14 and adult FLX (non-rapid eye movement, NREM sleep) rats showed an attenuation of the hyperventilation induced by CO2. FLX-exposed females had fewer 5-HT neurons in the RPA and reduced TH A6 density at P0-2; and greater number of TH neurons in the A7 at P12-14. These data indicate that prenatal FLX exposure affects the number of some monoaminergic regions in the brain and results in long-lasting, sex-specific changes in baseline breathing pattern and ventilatory responses to respiratory challenges.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) readily cross the placental and the fetal blood-brain barrier where it will affect 5-HT levels in the developing brain. Although SSRI is used during pregnancy, there are no studies showing SSRI exposure during late pregnancy and postnatal effects on breathing control in males and females. We demonstrated that fluoxetine exposure during late pregnancy in rats was associated with long-lasting, sex-specific effects on breathing and brainstem monoaminergic groups.
  • ItemArtigo
    Temporal and spatial diversification along the Amazonia-Cerrado transition in Neotropical treefrogs of the Boana albopunctata species group
    (2022-10-01) Mittan, Cinnamon S.; Zamudio, Kelly R.; Thomé, M. Tereza C. [UNESP]; Camurugi, Felipe; Colli, Guarino R.; Garda, Adrian A.; Haddad, Célio F.B. [UNESP]; Prado, Cynthia P.A. [UNESP]; Cornell University; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB); Universidade de Brasília (UnB); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
    Despite extensive research on biodiversity in Neotropical forests, biodiversity in seasonally dry, open biomes in South America has been underestimated until recently. We leverage a widespread group, Boana albopunctata, to uncover cryptic lineages and investigate the timing of diversification in Neotropical anurans with a focus on dry diagonal biomes (Cerrado, Caatinga and Chaco) and the ecotone between Amazonia and the Cerrado. We inferred a multilocus phylogeny of the B. albopunctata species group that includes 15 of 18 described species, recovered two cryptic species, and reconstructed the timing of diversification among species distributed across multiple South American biomes. One new potential species (B. aff. steinbachi), sampled in the Amazonian state of Acre, clustered within the B. calcara-fasciata species complex and is close to B. steinbachi. A second putative new species (B. aff. multifasciata), sampled in the Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone, is closely related to B. multifasciata. Lastly, we place a recently identified Cerrado lineage (B. aff. albopuncata) into the B. albopunctata species group phylogeny for the first time. Our ancestral range reconstruction showed that species in the B. albopuctata group likely dispersed from Amazonia-Cerrado into the dry-diagonal and Atlantic Forest. Intraspecies demography showed, for both B. raniceps and B. albopunctata, signs of rapid expansion across the dry diagonal. Similarly, for one clade of B. multifasciata, our analyses support an invasion of the Cerrado from Amazonia, followed by a rapid expansion across the open diagonal biomes. Thus, our study recovers several recent divergences along the Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone in northern Brazil. Tectonic uplift and erosion in the late Miocene and climate oscillations in the Pleistocene corresponded with estimated divergence times in the dry diagonal and Amazonia-Cerrado ecotone. Our study highlights the importance of these threatened open formations in the generation of biodiversity in the Neotropics.
  • ItemArtigo
    Sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal diazepam exposure on respiratory control and the monoaminergic system of neonate and young rats
    (2022-01-01) da Silva Junior, Carlos Aparecido [UNESP]; Patrone, Luís Gustavo A. [UNESP]; Biancardi, Vivian; Vilela-Costa, Heloísa H.; Marques, Danuzia A.; Cristina-Silva, Caroline [UNESP]; da Costa Silva, Kaoma Stephani; Bícego, Kênia C. [UNESP]; Szawka, Raphael E.; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); University of Alberta; Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro; Université Laval; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)
    Pregnancy is highly affected by anxiety disorders, which may be treated with benzodiazepines, especially diazepam (DZP), that can cross the placental barrier and interact with the fetal GABAergic system. We tested whether prenatal exposure to DZP promotes sex-specific postnatal changes in the respiratory control of rats. We evaluated ventilation (VE˙) and oxygen consumption (V ˙ O2) in resting conditions and under hypercapnia (7% CO2) and hypoxia (10% O2) in newborn [postnatal day (P) 0–1 and P12–13)] and young (P21–22) rats from mothers treated with DZP during pregnancy. We also analyzed brainstem monoamines at the same ages. DZP exposure had minimal effects on room air–breathing variables in females, but caused hypoventilation (drop in VE˙ /V ˙ O2) in P12–13 males, lasting until P21–22. The hypercapnic ventilatory response was attenuated in P0–1 and P12–13 DZP-treated females mainly by a decrease in tidal volume (VT), whereas males had a reduction in respiratory frequency (fR) at P12–13. Minor changes were observed in hypoxia, but an attenuation in V˙ E was seen in P12–13 males. In the female brainstem, DZP increased dopamine concentration and decreased 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)/dopamine ratio at P0–1, and reduced DOPAC concentration at P12–13. In males, DZP decreased brainstem noradrenaline at P0–1. Our results demonstrate that prenatal DZP exposure reduces CO2 chemoreflex only in postnatal females and does not affect hypoxia-induced hyperventilation in both sexes. In addition, prenatal DZP alters brainstem monoamine concentrations throughout development differently in male and female rats.
  • ItemArtigo
    Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the So Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: V. Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata [Achelata, Astacidea, Axiidea, Caridea (Alpheoidea and Processoidea excluded), Gebiidea, Stenopodidea
    (2022-03-30) Mantelatto, Fernando L.; Tamburus, Ana F.; Carvalho-Batista, Abner; Rossi, Natalia; Buranelli, Raquel C.; Pantaleo, Joo A F; Teles, Jeniffer N.; Zara, Fernando J. [UNESP]; Carvalho, Fabricio L.; Bochini, Gabriel L.; Terossi, Mariana; Robles, Rafael; Castilho, Antonio L. [UNESP]; Costa, Rogrio C.; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); So Paulo (SP); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS); Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); San Francisco de Campeche
    This checklist is the fifth and last compilation on the decapod crustaceans reported to So Paulo (Brazil) coastal area, resulting from long-term multidisciplinary projects, which combined morphological analyses and molecular techniques. The current research includes 75 decapod species, herein referred as shrimps/lobsters-like (shrimps, ghost-shrimps, lobsters, and related groups), reported to So Paulo coastal area. These species occur in marine, estuarine, and amphidromous habitats and are classified into 21 families as follow: Aristeidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Atyidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Axianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callichiridae (6 spp., 4 genera), Crangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Glyphocrangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Luciferidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Nephropidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Palaemonidae (15 spp., 9 genera), Palinuridae (2 spp., 1 genus), Pandalidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Pasiphaeidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Penaeidae (10 spp., 6 genera), Sergestidae (3 spp., 3 genera), Sicyoniidae (4 spp., 1 genus), Scyllaridae (5 spp., 3 genera), Solenoceridae (4 spp., 3 genera), Stenopodidae (2 spp., 1 genus), and Upogebiidae (6 spp., 1 genus). We generated new sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (barcode region) and 16S genes (51 and 54, respectively) of 54 species. Our examination concluded that 75 shrimps/lobsters-like species are reported to the So Paulo coast. We excluded Leander tenuicornis (Palaemonidae), Penaeus setiferus (Penaeidae), Philocheras gorei (Crangonidae), and Rhynchocinetes typus (Rhynchocinetidae) from this list.
  • ItemArtigo
    Cuticular hydrocarbons as caste-linked cues in Neotropical swarm-founding wasps
    (2022-06-07) Da Silva, Rafael Carvalho; Prato, Amanda; Tannure-Nascimento, Ivelize [UNESP]; Oi, Cintia Akemi; Wenseleers, Tom; Nascimento, Fabio; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University of London
    Wasps (Vespidae) are important organisms to understand the evolution of socia behaviour. Wasps show different levels of sociality, which includes solitary to highly eusocial organisms. In social insect species, queens and workers differ in physiology and morphology. The Neotropical swarm-founding wasps (Epiponini) show a variety of caste syndromes. In this clade, the caste-flexibility is a unique characteristic, in which workers can become queens and swarm to start a new nest. The investigation of the caste system comparing several Epiponini species show a clear-cut morphological distinction between queens and workers, with a morphological continuum between queens and workers. However, whether cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are used as cues for caste recognition in swarm-founding wasps is still unknown. We studied whether CHCs may display caste-linked differences in eleven species of Epiponini wasps and if CHCs differences would follow morphological patterns. Our results suggest that queens and workers of Epiponini wasps are chemically different from each other at two levels, qualitatively and quantitatively, or merely quantitatively. This variation seems to exist regardless of their morphological traits and may be useful to help us understanding how chemical communication evolved differently in these species.
  • ItemArtigo
    Association between vitamin D and malignant mammary tumors in obese female dogs
    (2022-03-01) Do Nascimento-Hama, Lismara Castro [UNESP]; de Oliveira Vasconcelos, Rosemeri [UNESP]; De Nardi, Andrigo Barboza [UNESP]; de Camargo, Ana Carolina de Andrade Leite [UNESP]; Marchini, Larissa Rodrigues [UNESP]; Rocha, Fabiana Del Lama [UNESP]; Firmo, Bruna Fernanda [UNESP]; Estrada, Cristhian Rene Vargas [UNESP]; Artoni, Silvana Martinez Baraldi [UNESP]; Nunes, Newton [UNESP]; Panosso, Alan Rodrigo [UNESP]; Amoroso, Lizandra [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Overweight and obesity are known risk factors that are involved in the development and aggressiveness of breast tumors in women. In situations of obesity, local and systemic inflammation may worsen the prognosis of oncological patients. Moreover, hypovitaminosis D increases the risk of breast tumors in women. In female dogs, low vitamin D levels have been found in cases of lymphoma, osteosarcoma and mast cell tumor. The present study aimed to make correlations between body fat composition and serum 25(OH)D concentration in female dogs with mammary tumors. Two experimental groups were formed: healthy female dogs (n = 12; control group) and female dogs with mammary tumors (n = 11). An analysis on body composition was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) equipment. In the tumor group, multicentric nodules were most prevalent (63,6%), with diameters of up to 8.2 cm. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was tubular carcinoma (45.5%), and 9.1% presented metastases in axillary lymph nodes. The mean 25(OH)D concentration in the female dogs with mammary tumors (37.6 ng mL-1) was lower than the level in the control group (65.4 ng mL-1). Multivariate statistical analysis showed that elderly female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and high body fat levels presented lower 25(OH)D concentrations than those of the control group. It was concluded that female dogs with higher body adiposity presented mammary tumors of higher aggressivity, and that the higher the fat percentage was in the female dogs with malignant mammary tumors, the lower their vitamin D concentration was.
  • ItemArtigo
    CO2 exposure enhances Fos expression in hypothalamic neurons in rats during the light and dark phases of the diurnal cycle
    (Springer, 2022-09-15) Silva, Eliandra N. da [UNESP]; Horta-Junior, Jose de Anchieta C. [UNESP]; Gargaglioni, Luciane H. [UNESP]; Dias, Mirela B. [UNESP]; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
    Orexinergic (OX) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), perifornical area (PFA) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) play a role in the hypercapnic ventilatory response, presumably through direct inputs to central pattern generator sites and/or through interactions with other chemosensitive regions. OX neurons can produce and release orexins, excitatory neuropeptides involved in many functions, including physiological responses to changes in CO2/pH. Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that different nuclei (LH, PFA and DMH) where the orexinergic neurons are located, show distinct activation by CO2 during the light-dark cycle phases. For this purpose, we evaluated the Fos and OXA expression by immunohistochemistry to identify neurons that co-localize Fos + OXA in the LH, LPeF, MPeF and DMH in the light-inactive and dark-active phase in Wistar rats subjected to 3 h of normocapnia or hypercapnia (7% CO2). Quantitative analyses of immunoreactive neurons show that hypercapnia caused an increase in the number of neurons expressing Fos in the LH, LPeF, MPeF and DMH in the light and dark phases. In addition, the number of Fos + OXA neurons increased in the LPeF and DMH independently of the phases of the diurnal cycle; whereas in the MPeF, this increase was observed exclusively in the light phase. Thus, we suggest that OX neurons are selectively activated by hypercapnia throughout the diurnal cycle, reinforcing the differential role of nuclei in the hypothalamus during central chemosensitivity.