Gastrointestinal changes associated to heart failure
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Over the last decade, several studies were conducted on the gastrointestinal changes associated to chronic heart failure. This article presents a literature review on the physiopathology and clinical consequences of pathological digestive changes of heart failure patients. Structural and functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, such as edema of absorptive mucosa and intestinal bacterial overgrowth, have been leading to serious clinical consequences. Some of these consequences are cardiac cachexia, systemic inflammatory activation and anemia. These conditions, alone or in combination, may lead to worsening of the pre-existing ventricular dysfunction. Although currently there is no therapy specifically earmarked for gastrointestinal changes associated to heart failure, the understanding of digestive abnormalities is germane for the prevention and management of systemic consequences.
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Abnormalities of the digestive system Anemia Cachexia Heart failure/complications Intestinal absorption acetylcysteine bacterium lipopolysaccharide diuretic agent endotoxin etanercept immunoglobulin infliximab interleukin 1 receptor blocking agent interleukin 10 iron methotrexate mitogen activated protein kinase p38 inhibitor pentoxifylline thalidomide tumor necrosis factor alpha tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme inhibitor anemia bacterial overgrowth cachexia diet therapy edema exercise gastrointestinal absorption gastrointestinal change gastrointestinal disease heart failure heart ventricle function human immunomodulation inflammation intestine flora intestine mucosa permeability iron deficiency pathophysiology review stomach antrum vascular ectasia stomach mucosa telangiectasia Gastrointestinal Diseases Heart Failure Humans Inflammation Intestinal Absorption Intestines
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Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, v. 98, n. 3, p. 273-277, 2012.
