As estratégias internacionais de prevenção à violência em massa e a “nova guerra” no Darfur
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2013-01-29
Autores
Braga, Camila de Macedo [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Na década de 1990, com a crescente polêmica em torno do “direito de intervir” das potências internacionais para deter as atrocidades em massa, um novo consenso seria formado sobre a necessidade de prevenir a ocorrência ou recorrência das mesmas. Os tradicionais mecanismos de ação coletiva internacional para a gestão de conflitos e crises seriam, simultaneamente, adaptados para abordar as “novas guerras” emergindo em âmbito global, que por sua própria natureza intraestatal associada às redes transnacionais, passavam a impor consideráveis desafios à sociedade de Estados. A resposta encontrada pelas potências internacionais, reticentes em intervir diretamente em áreas não consideradas como prioridade estratégica, seria a internacionalização do conflito através da redefinição de suas causas profundas ou estruturais, segundo as quais as atrocidades em massa se desenvolveriam em um contexto de fraqueza ou falência das instituições estatais e, por conseguinte, dos próprios mecanismos internos de solução de conflitos. A comunidade internacional teria então um papel auxiliar no fortalecimento ou reconstrução das instituições estatais, concebidas como a raiz do conflito, através de medidas de prevenção estrutural. Essa nova tendência, descrita pelo desenvolvimento de um “framework de prevenção” (oposto a um “framework de intervenção”), possibilitaria que a gestão destes novos conflitos, como aquele vivenciado nesta última década no Darfur (Sudão), fossem repassados aos atores locais, nacionais e regionais que teriam a responsabilidade primária em atuar. No entanto, ao enfatizar a liderança e o empoderamento destes atores na condução do processo de estabilização política, a comunidade internacional lograva fortalecer uma ordem interna estruturalmente violenta que permitira o aprofundamento do...
In the 1990s, with the growing controversy over the international powers’ right to intervene to stop the occurrence of mass atrocities, a new consensus was formed on the need to prevent its occurrence or recurrence. The traditional mechanisms of international collective action for conflicts and crises management were simultaneously adapted to address the new wars emerging globally, which by its very intrastate nature, associated with transnational networks, would go to impose considerable challenges the society of states. The answer found by the international powers, reluctant to intervene directly in areas not considered as a strategic priority, was the internationalization of the conflict by redefining structural or root causes. According to this notion, mass atrocities would develop in a context of “weakness” or “failure” of state institutions and, therefore, of the actual internal mechanisms for conflict resolution. The international community would then have an auxiliary role in strengthening or reconstructing those institutions, conceived as the root of the conflict, through what was called “structural prevention” measures. This new trend, described through the development of a prevention framework (as opposed to a intervention framework), would enable the management of these new conflicts, characterized by mass atrocities such as those experienced in the last decade in Darfur (Sudan), to be transferred to local, national and regional actors that would have the primary responsibility to act. However, by emphasizing leadership and empowerment of these actors in driving the political process of stabilization, the international community would strengthen a structurally violent order that allowed for the conflict’s deepening in force. The case of Darfur, under the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
In the 1990s, with the growing controversy over the international powers’ right to intervene to stop the occurrence of mass atrocities, a new consensus was formed on the need to prevent its occurrence or recurrence. The traditional mechanisms of international collective action for conflicts and crises management were simultaneously adapted to address the new wars emerging globally, which by its very intrastate nature, associated with transnational networks, would go to impose considerable challenges the society of states. The answer found by the international powers, reluctant to intervene directly in areas not considered as a strategic priority, was the internationalization of the conflict by redefining structural or root causes. According to this notion, mass atrocities would develop in a context of “weakness” or “failure” of state institutions and, therefore, of the actual internal mechanisms for conflict resolution. The international community would then have an auxiliary role in strengthening or reconstructing those institutions, conceived as the root of the conflict, through what was called “structural prevention” measures. This new trend, described through the development of a prevention framework (as opposed to a intervention framework), would enable the management of these new conflicts, characterized by mass atrocities such as those experienced in the last decade in Darfur (Sudan), to be transferred to local, national and regional actors that would have the primary responsibility to act. However, by emphasizing leadership and empowerment of these actors in driving the political process of stabilization, the international community would strengthen a structurally violent order that allowed for the conflict’s deepening in force. The case of Darfur, under the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Palavras-chave
Administração de conflitos, Conflitos de baixa intensidade (Ciência militar), Identidade social, Mediação internacional, Sudão - Relações étnicas, Sudão - História
Como citar
BRAGA, Camila de Macedo. As estratégias internacionais de prevenção à violência em massa e a “nova guerra” no Darfur. 2013. 178 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP, Programa San Tiago Dantas, 2013.