Os resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos sob uma análise interdisciplinar: características, desafios, normas e propostas para sua gestão adequada
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Data
2022-02-17
Autores
Kawamoto, Leonardo Eiji
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Um tipo de resíduo que ganhou bastante relevância recentemente são os resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE). Sua importância decorre do grande aumento em sua geração; sua composição e valor econômico; a dificuldade de sua conceituação; e a sua complexidade, que dificultam sua gestão adequada. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral desta dissertação é compreender os REEE, sua regulação jurídica e propor mecanismos jurídico-regulatórios para sua gestão adequada. Para responder a suas perguntas centrais, “o que são os REEE? Como o Direito regula a gestão de REEE atualmente? E como o Direito pode auxiliar para uma gestão mais efetiva de REEE?”, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental em fontes legislativas primárias e secundárias, nacionais e internacionais, artigos de periódicos, relatórios e estudos com dados empíricos sobre geração e gestão de resíduos sólidos e de REEE, para uma visão crítica e integrada entre o dever-ser normativo e a realidade e para e elaboração de propostas de gestão ambientalmente adequada. Foram desenvolvidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) entender a relação entre a Economia circular, desenvolvimento sustentável, sociedade da técnica, do consumo e obsolescência programada, trabalhado no primeiro capítulo; ii) estabelecer um conceito e classificação de REEE e compreender a complexidade dos REEE, através de suas características físico-químicas, valor material e reciclagem formal e informal de REEE, consolidado no segundo capítulo; iv) analisar o tratamento jurídico dos REEE no direito internacional, feito no terceiro capítulo; v) averiguar a gestão brasileira de resíduos sólidos e de REEE sob a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, suas normas conexas, seus sistemas de logística reversa e a efetividade da PNRS, realizado no quarto capítulo; vi) propor mecanismos jurídico-regulatórios para a gestão ambientalmente adequada de REEE, expresso no quinto capítulo. Observaram-se os seguintes resultados: a imprescindibilidade da Economia Circular para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e sua violação pelas sociedades da técnica, do consumo e pela obsolescência programada, que aceleram o esgotamento de recursos e a geração de resíduos; a escolha de um conceito doutrinário de REEE, visto a inadequação das normas para conceituação de REEE, o que auxilia a subnotificação desse resíduo e em seu comércio ilegal; compreensão dos REEE como fonte de poluição complexa e seu processamento informal como violação sistêmica de direitos humanos e fundamentais; compreensão das normas internacionais envolvidas, bem como suas limitações, avanços recentes e diferentes abordagens para uma regulação da gestão e movimentações transfronteiriças de REEE; compreensão da estrutura da PNRS e dos sistemas de logística reversa de REEE, suas omissões e inefetividade para solucionar o problema dos resíduos sólidos e dos REEE no Brasil; e a proposição de medidas integradas para uma melhor gestão e prevenção de geração de REEE, que envolvem inovação tecnológica disruptiva; implantação de carregadores e portas universais; ecodesign e modularidade dos EEE; direito ao reparo e à durabilidade; produtos como serviços e economia compartilhada; instrumentos econômicos, como extrafiscalidade do tributo; conscientização ambiental; e maior sinergia entre políticas públicas.
A type of waste in the spotlight recently are the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Their relevance arises from the great increase on waste generation; composition and economic value; the struggle with their definition; and their complexity, which hinders an adequate management. Therefore, the general objective of this Master’s thesis is to comprehend the WEEE, their legal regulation and to suggest legal-regulatory mechanisms for its adequate management. For answering the main questions, “what are REEE? How Law currently regulates WEEE management? And How Law can help to manage WEEE more effectively?”, it was carried out a documental and bibliographic research in primary and secondary, national and international legislative sources, scientific articles, reports and studies with empirical data about solid waste and WEEE generation and management for a critical and integrated view between the normative premises and the reality and for the elaboration of environmentally sound management proposals. The following specific objectives were developed: i) to understand the relationship between Circular Economy, sustainable development, consumption and technological society and planned obsolescence, discussed in the first chapter; ii) to establish a concept and a classification of WEEE and to comprehend their complexity through physico-chemical characteristics, material value and formal and informal WEEE recycling, developed in the second chapter; iii) to analyze the legal treatment of WEEE in the international law, which occurred in the third chapter; iv) to ascertain the Brazilian solid waste and WEEE management under the National Solid Waste Policy, its related regulations, take-back systems and the PNRS effectivity, located in the fourth chapter; v) to suggest legal-regulatory mechanisms for the environmentally sound management and for preventing WEEE generation, expressed in the fifth chapter. The following results were obtained: the indispensability of the Circular Economy for sustainable development and its violation by the technological and consumption society and by the planned obsolescence, which accelerate the resource depletion and the waste generation; the choice of a doctrinal definition for WEEE, due to inadequacy of norms for conception of WEEE, which aid their sub-notification and illegal trade; comprehension of WEEE as a complex pollution source and their informal processing as a systemic violation of human and fundamental rights; understanding of related international regulations as well as their limitations, recent progress and different approaches for the management and transboundary movements of WEEE; comprehension of the PNRS structure and the take-back systems of WEEE, their omissions and ineffectiveness for solving the problem of solid waste and WEEE in Brazil; and the suggestion of integrated measures for better WEEE prevention and management, which include disruptive technological innovation; introduction of universal ports and chargers; ecodesign and EEE modularity; right to repair and durability; products as services and shared economy; economic instruments, like non-fiscal purpose taxes specifically designed for products sustainability; environmental awareness; and higher synergy among public policies.
A type of waste in the spotlight recently are the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Their relevance arises from the great increase on waste generation; composition and economic value; the struggle with their definition; and their complexity, which hinders an adequate management. Therefore, the general objective of this Master’s thesis is to comprehend the WEEE, their legal regulation and to suggest legal-regulatory mechanisms for its adequate management. For answering the main questions, “what are REEE? How Law currently regulates WEEE management? And How Law can help to manage WEEE more effectively?”, it was carried out a documental and bibliographic research in primary and secondary, national and international legislative sources, scientific articles, reports and studies with empirical data about solid waste and WEEE generation and management for a critical and integrated view between the normative premises and the reality and for the elaboration of environmentally sound management proposals. The following specific objectives were developed: i) to understand the relationship between Circular Economy, sustainable development, consumption and technological society and planned obsolescence, discussed in the first chapter; ii) to establish a concept and a classification of WEEE and to comprehend their complexity through physico-chemical characteristics, material value and formal and informal WEEE recycling, developed in the second chapter; iii) to analyze the legal treatment of WEEE in the international law, which occurred in the third chapter; iv) to ascertain the Brazilian solid waste and WEEE management under the National Solid Waste Policy, its related regulations, take-back systems and the PNRS effectivity, located in the fourth chapter; v) to suggest legal-regulatory mechanisms for the environmentally sound management and for preventing WEEE generation, expressed in the fifth chapter. The following results were obtained: the indispensability of the Circular Economy for sustainable development and its violation by the technological and consumption society and by the planned obsolescence, which accelerate the resource depletion and the waste generation; the choice of a doctrinal definition for WEEE, due to inadequacy of norms for conception of WEEE, which aid their sub-notification and illegal trade; comprehension of WEEE as a complex pollution source and their informal processing as a systemic violation of human and fundamental rights; understanding of related international regulations as well as their limitations, recent progress and different approaches for the management and transboundary movements of WEEE; comprehension of the PNRS structure and the take-back systems of WEEE, their omissions and ineffectiveness for solving the problem of solid waste and WEEE in Brazil; and the suggestion of integrated measures for better WEEE prevention and management, which include disruptive technological innovation; introduction of universal ports and chargers; ecodesign and EEE modularity; right to repair and durability; products as services and shared economy; economic instruments, like non-fiscal purpose taxes specifically designed for products sustainability; environmental awareness; and higher synergy among public policies.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Direito Ambiental, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Economia Circular, Resíduos Sólidos, Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos, Environmental Law, Sustainable Development, Circular Economy, Solid Waste, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment