Polimento de águas de reuso por Macrófitas Aquáticas Lemnáceas e desinfecção solar visando o uso na agricultura
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Data
2023-09-13
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O esgoto doméstico é uma combinação de água com resíduos provenientes da utilização humana sob a água, cujas características variam conforme o local que essa população está inserida, clima, situação socioeconômica da população, bem como seus hábitos e usos da água. Muitas regiões no mundo exploram o uso do esgoto doméstico na agricultura como alternativa à escassez de água presente e futura. As normas visam direcionar o reuso das águas no país. A norma NBR 13969 da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnica, por exemplo, inclui os usos previstos do esgoto tratado, o volume de esgoto a ser reutilizado e o grau de tratamento necessário para uso múltiplo do esgoto tratado, o que inclui o uso agrícola. Já o Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) através de sua resolução 503/2021 define critérios e procedimentos para o reuso em sistemas de fertirrigação de efluentes provenientes de indústrias de alimentos, bebidas, laticínios, frigoríficos e graxarias. O tratamento de efluentes utilizando macrófitas aquáticas tem simultaneamente a remoção de contaminantes e nutrientes do efluente, bem como a geração de biomassa para diversos fins. A aplicação de radiação UV é outra forma de desinfecção de efluentes tratados. Os raios gama por exemplo tem alto poder de penetração e tem sido usado para desinfectar águas e efluentes. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho tem a finalidade de avaliar o polimento de águas residuárias por macrófitas aquáticas lemnáceas e desinfecção solar, objetivando o seu uso na agricultura. O experimento foi implantado na UNESP (FCA - Botucatu). As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de Recursos Hídricos do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da mesma universidade. O delineamento experimental consistiu em: TAR = tanque de armazenamento da água residuária tratada (água de reuso) pela ETE (Estação de tratamento de esgoto) de Botucatu; TPLM = tanque de polimento contendo macrófitas lemnáceas (Lemnas minor); TPDS = tanque de polimento por meio da desinfecção solar. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: DBO (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio); DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigeno); Sólidos Suspensos Totais (SST); E. coli; pH; P (fósforo); N (nitrogênio); Macro e Micronutrientes. Todos os dados encontrados das variáveis analisadas foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F (α ≤ 5%). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos TPLM e TPDS para o polimento de águas residuárias domésticas, contudo, quando a água residuária do TPLM que já possuía condições satisfatórias recebeu o TPDS ocorreu uma elevação na qualidade da água residuária, reforçando a vantagem em utilizar essas duas técnicas combinadas para obtenção de melhores resultados de polimento. Dentre os parâmetros avaliados apenas o DBO não apresentou teores considerados adequados para uso na irrigação agrícola, requerendo medidas específicas para a sua redução, como adição de uma nova fase de polimento. O uso de TPLM e TPDS são alternativas menos onerosas e apresentaram excelentes resultados para remoção de E. coli e resultados muito satisfatórios quanto adequação do pH, CE, DQO, SST e remoção de nutrientes de águas residuárias em comparação com os sistemas convencionais.
Domestic sewage is a combination of water and waste from human use under water, whose characteristics vary according to the place where this population is located, climate, socioeconomic status of the population, as well as their habits and water uses. Many regions in the world are exploring the use of domestic sewage in agriculture as an alternative for present and future water savings. The norms aim to guide the reuse of water in the country. The NBR 13969 standard of the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, for example, includes the intended uses of treated sewage, the volume of sewage to be reused and the degree of treatment required for multiple uses of treated sewage, which includes agricultural use. The National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) through its resolution 503/2021 defines criteria and procedures for the reuse in fertirrigation systems of effluents from the food, beverage, dairy, refrigerator and grease industries. The treatment of effluents using aquatic macrophytes has the simultaneous removal of contaminants and nutrients from the effluent, as well as the generation of biomass for several fins. The application of UV radiation is another form of interference from treated effluents. Gamma rays, for example, have a high penetration power and have been used to disinfect water and effluents. Given the above, the present work aims to evaluate the polishing of wastewater by lemnaceae and solar-transmitted aquatic macrophytes, aiming at its use in agriculture. The experiment was improved at UNESP (FCA - Botucatu). The analyzes were carried out in the Water Resources laboratory of the Department of Rural Engineering at the same university. The experimental design consisted of: TAR = storage tank for treated wastewater (reuse water) by the Botucatu ETE (Sewage Treatment Station); TPLM = polishing tank containing lemnaceous macrophytes (Lemnas minor); TPDS = polishing tank through solar door. The evaluated parameters were: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand); COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand); Total Suspended Solids (TSS); E. coli; pH; P (phosphorus); N (nitrogen); Macro and Micronutrients. All data found for the variables were detected in the analysis of variance using the F test (α ≤ 5%). There was no significant difference between the TPLM and TPDS treatments for polishing domestic wastewater, however, when the TPLM wastewater, which already had satisfactory conditions, received TPDS, there was an increase in the quality of the wastewater, reinforcing the advantage of using these two combined techniques to obtain better polishing results. Among the parameters evaluated, only BOD did not present levels considered suitable for use in agricultural irrigation, requiring specific measures to reduce it, such as adding a new polishing phase. The use of TPLM and TPDS are less expensive alternatives and presented excellent results for removing E. coli and very satisfactory results regarding the adequacy of pH, EC, COD, TSS and removal of nutrients from wastewater compared to conventional systems.
Domestic sewage is a combination of water and waste from human use under water, whose characteristics vary according to the place where this population is located, climate, socioeconomic status of the population, as well as their habits and water uses. Many regions in the world are exploring the use of domestic sewage in agriculture as an alternative for present and future water savings. The norms aim to guide the reuse of water in the country. The NBR 13969 standard of the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, for example, includes the intended uses of treated sewage, the volume of sewage to be reused and the degree of treatment required for multiple uses of treated sewage, which includes agricultural use. The National Council for the Environment (CONAMA) through its resolution 503/2021 defines criteria and procedures for the reuse in fertirrigation systems of effluents from the food, beverage, dairy, refrigerator and grease industries. The treatment of effluents using aquatic macrophytes has the simultaneous removal of contaminants and nutrients from the effluent, as well as the generation of biomass for several fins. The application of UV radiation is another form of interference from treated effluents. Gamma rays, for example, have a high penetration power and have been used to disinfect water and effluents. Given the above, the present work aims to evaluate the polishing of wastewater by lemnaceae and solar-transmitted aquatic macrophytes, aiming at its use in agriculture. The experiment was improved at UNESP (FCA - Botucatu). The analyzes were carried out in the Water Resources laboratory of the Department of Rural Engineering at the same university. The experimental design consisted of: TAR = storage tank for treated wastewater (reuse water) by the Botucatu ETE (Sewage Treatment Station); TPLM = polishing tank containing lemnaceous macrophytes (Lemnas minor); TPDS = polishing tank through solar door. The evaluated parameters were: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand); COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand); Total Suspended Solids (TSS); E. coli; pH; P (phosphorus); N (nitrogen); Macro and Micronutrients. All data found for the variables were detected in the analysis of variance using the F test (α ≤ 5%). There was no significant difference between the TPLM and TPDS treatments for polishing domestic wastewater, however, when the TPLM wastewater, which already had satisfactory conditions, received TPDS, there was an increase in the quality of the wastewater, reinforcing the advantage of using these two combined techniques to obtain better polishing results. Among the parameters evaluated, only BOD did not present levels considered suitable for use in agricultural irrigation, requiring specific measures to reduce it, such as adding a new polishing phase. The use of TPLM and TPDS are less expensive alternatives and presented excellent results for removing E. coli and very satisfactory results regarding the adequacy of pH, EC, COD, TSS and removal of nutrients from wastewater compared to conventional systems.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Tratamento de Esgotos Domésticos, Biomassa, Fósforo e Azoto, Radiação UV, Biomass, Ultraviolet radiation
Como citar
LIMA, Rafael dos Santos. Polimento de águas de reuso por Macrófitas Aquáticas Lemnáceas e desinfecção solar visando o uso na agricultura. 2023. 104 p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Ambientais) – Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sorocaba, 2023.