Exposição ao Lutzomyia spp. e infecção por Leishmania spp. em felinos domésticos de área endêmica
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Data
2023-01-20
Autores
Bizi, Jaqueline
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Relatos de leishmaniose visceral felina (LVF) estão em ascensão, especialmente em países endêmicos para leishmaniose visceral (LV). Apesar do cão ser o reservatório urbano mais importante, há questionamentos sobre a importância do gato como reservatório adicional. Sabe-se que felinos são suscetíveis a enfermidade, no entanto, são frequentemente assintomáticos e realizam pouca soroconversão, gerando grandes desafios para o diagnóstico. A interação hospedeiro e parasita possui eventos complexos com diversos mecanismos que modulam a resistência ou suscetibilidade à infecção. Adicionalmente, as proteínas salivares do flebotomíneo, inoculadas durante o repasto sanguíneo, também possuem propriedades imunomoduladoras, que podem ser úteis para observação da exposição ao vetor. Esse é o primeiro trabalho que avalia a exposição de uma população de gatos ao Lutzomyia longipalpis, vetor da doença predominante nas Américas. Em uma região endêmica para LV, 283 felinos assintomáticos foram testados por métodos paralelos (ELISA e qPCR), a fim de estimar a prevalência de positivos para LVF. A exposição ao flebotomíneo foi avaliada pela presença de anticorpos anti-antígeno bruto salivar (SGS) do L. longipalpis e do antígeno recombinante maxadilan (MAX), encontrado também na saliva do flebotomíneo. Observamos exposição ao L. longipalpis em 22,62% (64/283) dos gatos, no entanto, sem correlação entre a exposição ao vetor e a positividade para LVF. O MAX e o SGS apresentaram correlação fraca entre si, dessa forma, acreditamos que o MAX não tenha o mesmo desempenho que o SGS para estudos dessa natureza. Observamos prevalência de positivos para LVF de 13,07% e encontramos uma alta taxa de coinfecção pelo vírus da leucemia viral felina (FeLV). Esse é o primeiro delineamento da exposição dos gatos ao L. longipalpis. Mesmo que a presença de anticorpos anti-saliva não tenha uma associação com a ocorrência de LVF, os felinos são naturalmente expostos ao vetor. Positividade para LVF foi observada em gatos assintomáticos, tanto no ELISA como no qPCR. Destacamos a necessidade de monitoramento de gatos de regiões endêmicas, bem como emprego de práticas de prevenção.
Reports of feline visceral leishmaniasis (FVL) are on the rise, especially in countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Although the dog is the most important urban reservoir, there are questions about the importance of the cat as an additional reservoir. It is known that cats are susceptible to the disease, however, are often asymptomatic and perform little seroconversion, creating major challenges for diagnosis. The interaction between host and parasite has complex events with several mechanisms that modulate resistance or susceptibility to infection. Additionally, the salivary proteins of the sand fly, inoculated during blood repass, also have immunomodulatory properties, which may be useful for observing exposure to the vector. This is the first study to evaluate the exposure of a cat population to Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of the disease that is prevalent in the Americas. In a VL endemic region, 283 asymptomatic cats were tested by parallel methods (ELISA and qPCR) to estimate the prevalence of VLFV positives. Exposure to the sand fly was assessed by the presence of antibodies to L. longipalpis salivary crude antigen (SGS) and the recombinant antigen maxadilan (MAX), also found in sand fly saliva. We observed exposure to L. longipalpis in 22.62% (64/283) of the cats, but no correlation between exposure to the vector and LVF positivity. The MAX and SGS showed weak correlation with each other, thus we believe that the MAX does not perform as well as the SGS for studies of this nature. We observed a prevalence of LVF positives of 13.07% and found a high rate of feline viral leukemia virus (FeLV) coinfection. This is the first delineation of the exposure of cats to L. longipalpis. Even though the presence of anti-saliva antibodies does not have an association with the occurrence of LVF, cats are naturally exposed to the vector. Positivity for LVF was observed in asymptomatic cats in both ELISA and qPCR. We highlight the need for monitoring cats in endemic regions, as well as employing prevention practices.
Reports of feline visceral leishmaniasis (FVL) are on the rise, especially in countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Although the dog is the most important urban reservoir, there are questions about the importance of the cat as an additional reservoir. It is known that cats are susceptible to the disease, however, are often asymptomatic and perform little seroconversion, creating major challenges for diagnosis. The interaction between host and parasite has complex events with several mechanisms that modulate resistance or susceptibility to infection. Additionally, the salivary proteins of the sand fly, inoculated during blood repass, also have immunomodulatory properties, which may be useful for observing exposure to the vector. This is the first study to evaluate the exposure of a cat population to Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of the disease that is prevalent in the Americas. In a VL endemic region, 283 asymptomatic cats were tested by parallel methods (ELISA and qPCR) to estimate the prevalence of VLFV positives. Exposure to the sand fly was assessed by the presence of antibodies to L. longipalpis salivary crude antigen (SGS) and the recombinant antigen maxadilan (MAX), also found in sand fly saliva. We observed exposure to L. longipalpis in 22.62% (64/283) of the cats, but no correlation between exposure to the vector and LVF positivity. The MAX and SGS showed weak correlation with each other, thus we believe that the MAX does not perform as well as the SGS for studies of this nature. We observed a prevalence of LVF positives of 13.07% and found a high rate of feline viral leukemia virus (FeLV) coinfection. This is the first delineation of the exposure of cats to L. longipalpis. Even though the presence of anti-saliva antibodies does not have an association with the occurrence of LVF, cats are naturally exposed to the vector. Positivity for LVF was observed in asymptomatic cats in both ELISA and qPCR. We highlight the need for monitoring cats in endemic regions, as well as employing prevention practices.
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Palavras-chave
Gatos, Leishmaniose Visceral, Sorologia, qPCR, Flebotomíneos, Cats, Visceral leishmaniasis, Serology, Phlebotominae