Parâmetros epidemiológicos para a formulação de um modelo matemático da tripanosomose bovina
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Data
2021-07-30
Autores
Cavalcanti, Fernanda Beatriz Pereira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Infecção de Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos promove enormes preocupações decorrentes aos impactos socioeconômicos causados nas Américas, África e Ásia. Nas Américas, sua transmissão ocorre de forma mecânica, com intervenção de vetores hematófagos e compartilhamento de fômites entre animais. Alguns fatores epidemiológicos facilitam a dispersão do T. vivax entre áreas endêmicas e indene, tais como: flutuação da parasitemia que promoverá dificuldade na identificação da infecção entre os diferentes métodos parasitológicos, implica também na forma de apresentação, que, em geral a infecção se apresenta na forma crônica, assintomáticos e com níveis reduzidos de parasitemia. Esses fatores promovem o ingresso da enfermidade em zona indene, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a dinâmica epidemiológica da enfermidade incluindo os atributos da tríade epidemiológica (vetores, ambiente e hospedeiro). Com base na carência de informações, este trabalho visou estabelecer parâmetros epidemiológicos com base na dinâmica da doença nas Américas. Foi buscado em base de dados periódicos que envolvessem a dinâmica da tripanossomose bovina, no qual, deve incluir a disseminação via vetores hematófagos e prática de compartilhamento de fômites. Selecionou-se 41 periódicos que descrevessem a interação entre T. vivax e vetores, assim como hospedeiro. Com base no estabelecimento de parâmetros, foi determinado que a dinâmica da tripanossomose ocorre por intermédio de bovinos, entre as fases suscetíveis, latente, infectado e recuperado, com a transmissão envolvendo três vetores hematófagos e o compartilhamento de fômite entre os indivíduos. Com base na dinâmica, foi determinado que a interação entre indivíduos infectados possui diferença na participação da transmissibilidade, com isto foi proposto a categorização da fase entre infectados agudo A1, A2, crônicos C1 e C2. As perspectivas futuras deste trabalho se devem a promoção dos parâmetros epidemiológicos na formulação de modelo matemático específico à transmissão mecânica que ocorre nas Américas. Nisto, este trabalho também se trata do primeiro modelo matemático da tripanossomose bovina nas Américas.
Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle raises enormous concerns arising from the socioeconomic impacts caused in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In the Americas transmission occurs mechanically, with the intervention of hematophagous vectors and fomites sharing. Some epidemiological factors ease the spread of T. vivax between endemic and disease-free areas, such as parasitemia fluctuation which promotes difficulty in identifying the infection between by different parasitological methods and, also implies in the clinical presentation, which in asymptomatic chronic form with very low levels of parasitemia. These factors promote the disease introduction into an unaffected zone, however, little is known about the disease's epidemiological dynamics, including the attributes of the epidemiological triad (vectors, environment and host). Based on this lack of information, this work aimed to establish epidemiological parameters based on the dynamics of the disease in the Americas. It was searched in a periodic database involving the dynamics of bovine trypanosomosis, which should include dissemination via hematophagous vectors and the practice of sharing fomites. We selected 41 journals describing the interaction between T. vivax and vectors, as well as the host. Based on the establishment of parameters, it was determined that the dynamics of trypanosomosis occurs through cattle, between the susceptible, latent, infected and recovered phases, with transmission involving three hematophagous vectors and the sharing of fomite among individuals. Based on the dynamics, it was determined that the interaction between infected individuals has a difference in the participation of transmissibility, with this it was proposed the categorization of the phase between acutely infected A1, A2, chronic C1 and C2. The future perspectives of this work are due to the promotion of epidemiological parameters in the formulation of a specific mathematical model for the mechanical transmission that occurs in the Americas. In this, this work is also the first mathematical model of bovine trypanosomosis in the Americas.
Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle raises enormous concerns arising from the socioeconomic impacts caused in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In the Americas transmission occurs mechanically, with the intervention of hematophagous vectors and fomites sharing. Some epidemiological factors ease the spread of T. vivax between endemic and disease-free areas, such as parasitemia fluctuation which promotes difficulty in identifying the infection between by different parasitological methods and, also implies in the clinical presentation, which in asymptomatic chronic form with very low levels of parasitemia. These factors promote the disease introduction into an unaffected zone, however, little is known about the disease's epidemiological dynamics, including the attributes of the epidemiological triad (vectors, environment and host). Based on this lack of information, this work aimed to establish epidemiological parameters based on the dynamics of the disease in the Americas. It was searched in a periodic database involving the dynamics of bovine trypanosomosis, which should include dissemination via hematophagous vectors and the practice of sharing fomites. We selected 41 journals describing the interaction between T. vivax and vectors, as well as the host. Based on the establishment of parameters, it was determined that the dynamics of trypanosomosis occurs through cattle, between the susceptible, latent, infected and recovered phases, with transmission involving three hematophagous vectors and the sharing of fomite among individuals. Based on the dynamics, it was determined that the interaction between infected individuals has a difference in the participation of transmissibility, with this it was proposed the categorization of the phase between acutely infected A1, A2, chronic C1 and C2. The future perspectives of this work are due to the promotion of epidemiological parameters in the formulation of a specific mathematical model for the mechanical transmission that occurs in the Americas. In this, this work is also the first mathematical model of bovine trypanosomosis in the Americas.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Trypanosoma vivax, Diagnóstico clínico, Transmissão de doenças infecciosas