As diretrizes da União Europeia para financiamento de entidades israelenses: as medidas de diferenciação, política externa da UE e necessidade legal
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Data
2023-06-20
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar o processo de emissão das “Diretrizes sobre a elegibilidade de entidades israelenses e suas atividades nos territórios ocupados por Israel desde junho de 1967, para a concessão de subvenções, prêmios e instrumentos financeiros pela União Europeia a partir de 2014” (diretrizes para financiamentos) pela Comissão Europeia, valendo-se da metodologia de estudo de caso, com o foco nos aspectos qualitativos que permitem um adensamento de informações sobre o assunto para trazer luz às questões específicas ocorridas durante o processo desde a concepção do documento, até sua efetiva aprovação pela UE e aplicação. Como premissas deste estudo, têm-se (1) a política externa e os compromissos assumidos pela UE no sentido de não reconhecer a extensão territorial de Israel para além das fronteiras pré-1967, em consonância com as normas do Direito Internacional; (2) a decisão da UE de agir com consistência política e jurídica, a fim de aplicar corretamente sua legislação interna e as previsões contratuais de acordos já celebrados; e (3) a exclusão expressa dos territórios ocupados em 1967 dos acordos bilaterais firmados pela UE com Israel. Essas premissas permitem a compreensão adequada dos contextos mediatos e imediatos das diretrizes da UE, basicamente como um processo político cujos atores e instituições aderiram à necessidade de aplicação de normas jurídicas que anteriormente estavam sendo negligenciadas ou observadas de forma deficiente. Assim, a hipótese principal do trabalho é a de que é impossível compreender o processo de emissão das diretrizes para financiamentos sem entender a mútua relação entre normas, técnicas e instrumentos jurídicos e a política externa da UE, sustentando-se que as diretrizes foram emitidas a partir de decisões políticas amparadas na necessidade de aplicação de normas jurídicas internas, utilizando-se de ferramentas específicas como o passive enforcement ou “aplicação passiva” e o argumento da necessidade legal. Como contextualização, esta pesquisa discute as normas internacionais relativas à ocupação, a ocupação israelense sob a perspectiva da comunidade internacional, e questões relativas à política externa da UE. A pesquisa ampara-se em bibliografia especializada composta por livros, artigos científicos, documentos oficiais da UE, artigos jornalísticos e entrevistas. A conclusão dessa dissertação é de que o processo de emissão das diretrizes foi marcado pela mútua relação entre decisões políticas e elementos jurídicos, sendo que essa relação é determinante para a existência do documento. Não é possível, portanto, dissociá-los e/ou tratá-los como compartimentos separados. Eles formam um complexo emaranhado que determinam ações diversas conduzidas pelos políticos, agentes e órgãos institucionais da UE.
This research has as main objective to analyse the process of enactment of the “Guidelines on the eligibility of Israeli entities and their activities in the territories occupied by Israel since June 1967 for grants, prizes and financial instruments by the EU from 2014 onwards” (guidelines for funding) by the European Commission, using the case study methodology, with a focus on qualitative aspects that allow a density of information on the subject to shed light on the specific issues since the conception of the document, until its effective approval by the EU and its application. As premises of this study, there are (1) the foreign policy and commitments assumed by the EU in the sense of not recognizing the territorial extension of Israel beyond the pre-1967 borders, in consonance with the norms of International Law; (2) the EU's decision to act with political and legal consistency in order to correctly apply its internal legislation and the contractual provisions of agreements already concluded; and (3) the express exclusion of the territories occupied in 1967 from the bilateral agreements signed by the EU with Israel. These assumptions allow a proper understanding of the mediate and immediate contexts of the EU guidelines, basically as a political process whose actors and institutions involved adhered to the need to apply legal norms that were previously being neglected or poorly observed. Thus, the main hypothesis of the work is that it is impossible to understand the process of issuing guidelines without understanding the mutual relationship between norms, techniques and legal instruments and the EU's foreign policy, sustaining that the guidelines were issued based on political decisions supported by the need to apply internal legal norms, using specific tools such as the “passive enforcement” technique and the argument of legal necessity. As a contextualization, this research discusses international norms regarding the occupation, the Israeli occupation from the perspective of the international community, and issues related to EU foreign policy. The research is supported by a specialized bibliography composed of books, scientific articles, official EU documents, journalistic articles and interviews. The conclusion of this dissertation is that the process of issuing the guidelines was marked by the mutual relationship between political decisions and legal elements, and this relationship is decisive for the existence of the document. Therefore, it is not possible to dissociate them and/or treat them as separate compartments present in this process. They form a complex tangle which determines different actions conducted by EU politicians, agents and institutional bodies.
This research has as main objective to analyse the process of enactment of the “Guidelines on the eligibility of Israeli entities and their activities in the territories occupied by Israel since June 1967 for grants, prizes and financial instruments by the EU from 2014 onwards” (guidelines for funding) by the European Commission, using the case study methodology, with a focus on qualitative aspects that allow a density of information on the subject to shed light on the specific issues since the conception of the document, until its effective approval by the EU and its application. As premises of this study, there are (1) the foreign policy and commitments assumed by the EU in the sense of not recognizing the territorial extension of Israel beyond the pre-1967 borders, in consonance with the norms of International Law; (2) the EU's decision to act with political and legal consistency in order to correctly apply its internal legislation and the contractual provisions of agreements already concluded; and (3) the express exclusion of the territories occupied in 1967 from the bilateral agreements signed by the EU with Israel. These assumptions allow a proper understanding of the mediate and immediate contexts of the EU guidelines, basically as a political process whose actors and institutions involved adhered to the need to apply legal norms that were previously being neglected or poorly observed. Thus, the main hypothesis of the work is that it is impossible to understand the process of issuing guidelines without understanding the mutual relationship between norms, techniques and legal instruments and the EU's foreign policy, sustaining that the guidelines were issued based on political decisions supported by the need to apply internal legal norms, using specific tools such as the “passive enforcement” technique and the argument of legal necessity. As a contextualization, this research discusses international norms regarding the occupation, the Israeli occupation from the perspective of the international community, and issues related to EU foreign policy. The research is supported by a specialized bibliography composed of books, scientific articles, official EU documents, journalistic articles and interviews. The conclusion of this dissertation is that the process of issuing the guidelines was marked by the mutual relationship between political decisions and legal elements, and this relationship is decisive for the existence of the document. Therefore, it is not possible to dissociate them and/or treat them as separate compartments present in this process. They form a complex tangle which determines different actions conducted by EU politicians, agents and institutional bodies.
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União Europeia, Conflito Israel-Palestina, Política Externa e de Segurança Comum, Relações União Europeia-Israel, Direito Internacional Humanitário, Direitos humanos e Direito Internacional Público, Diretrizes para financiamentos em Israel, Territórios palestinos ocupados, Necessidade legal, Medidas de diferenciação, European Union, Israel-Palestine conflict, Common Foreign and Security Policy, EU-Israel relations, International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights and International Public Law, Guidelines for funding in Israel, Occupied Palestinian territories, Legal necessity, Differentiation measures