A experiência da aprendizagem profissional na perspectiva dos adolescentes atendidos pela política de assistência social de Franca (SP)
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Data
2022-11-18
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A proposta deste estudo é compreender a aprendizagem profissional na perspectiva dos adolescentes atendidos pela Política de Assistência Social. Para esse fim, foi realizado um estudo com abordagem qualitativa. Utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, com aproximações do método dialético-crítico. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na cidade de Franca (SP) com os adolescentes contratados pelo Programa do Executivo Municipal Primeira Chance. No ano de 2021, a seleção de aprendizes da Prefeitura local, após decisão judicial, priorizou no processo seletivo a contratação de adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Conforme o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA, lei 8.069, de 1990), art. 62, a aprendizagem é uma formação técnico-profissional ministrada segundo diretrizes e bases da legislação em vigor (LDB, 1996). Pode ser aprendiz o adolescente acima de 14 anos e o jovem até 24 anos. Para a pessoa com deficiência, não existe limite de idade. A fim de compreender o significado da aprendizagem profissional para estes adolescentes, analisa-se o modo de produção capitalista, que altera constantemente as relações do mundo do trabalho, precariza as formas de ocupações, desregulamenta direitos dos trabalhadores e influencia na operacionalização das políticas públicas no Brasil, sobretudo na política educacional, pautando as prioridades do mercado na oferta da educação formal. Como reflexo deste sistema produtivo, tem-se a pobreza, a desigualdade e a oferta de políticas públicas de caráter neoliberal, apesar de as normativas vigentes não garantirem proteção social para crianças e adolescentes. O trabalho para adolescentes e jovens que vivenciam desde a infância situações de vulnerabilidades sociais tem sido marcado pela fragilidade nos contratos de trabalho, instabilidade no emprego, trabalho infantil, precário, insalubre e, muitas vezes, ilícito. Contextualiza-se a política de Assistência Social na cidade de Franca e as iniciativas do Fórum Municipal de Prevenção e Erradicação do Trabalho Infantil. As análises com os participantes da pesquisa destacaram as categorias: caracterização dos adolescentes (quem são e como vivem); desenvolvimento pessoal, profissional e educacional; e a relação da família com o programa de aprendizagem. O resultado da pesquisa leva a compreender que a aprendizagem profissional tem sido importante para o desenvolvimento pessoal, profissional e educacional dos adolescentes, principalmente por essa população não ter acesso a políticas protetivas e a uma educação de qualidade. Tornam-se primordiais ações e estratégias que repensem e alterem o sistema econômico vigente, o atual sistema educacional, as formas de atuação profissional e garanta proteção social para essa população a partir da primeira infância, a fim de construir caminhos que avancem para além da garantia de direitos e que os tornem protagonistas de sua história.
The aim of this study was to understand the professional learning from the perspective of adolescents assisted by the social assistance policy. For this purpose, a study with a qualitative approach was carried out, using bibliographic and field research, with dialectical-critical method approaches. The field research was carried out in the city of Franca (SP) with adolescents hired by the Municipal Executive Program First Chance. In 2021, the selection of apprentices by the local City Hall, following a court decision, prioritized in the selection process the hiring of adolescents in socioeconomic vulnerable situation. According to the Child and Adolescent Statute (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente ‒ ECA, law 8069 of 1990) article 62, learning is conceived as technical-professional training when delivered according to the guidelines and bases of the legislation in force (LDB, 1996). Adolescents over the age of 14 and young people up to 24 years old can be apprentices, except for the disabled person in which case there is no age limit. In order to better understand what professional learning means for these adolescents, we analyzed the capitalist mode of production which constantly changes labor relations, worsens occupation models, deregulates workers' rights, influencing Brazilian public policies operationalization, especially in education policy, guiding the market’s priorities in regards of formal education offering. As a reflection of this productive system, we reflect on how poverty, inequality, and the offer of neoliberal public policies, despite the current regulations, do not guarantee social protection for children and adolescents. Work for adolescents and young people who have experienced social vulnerability since childhood has been marked by the fragility in employment contracts, job instability, precarious, unhealthy, and often illegal child labor. We contextualized the Social Assistance policy in the city of Franca and the initiatives of the Municipal Forum for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor. The following categories were highlighted in the analyzes of the research participants: characterization of adolescents (who they are and how they live); personal, professional, educational development; and the family's relationship with the learning program. The research result leads us to understand that professional learning has been important for the personal, professional, and educational development of adolescents, mainly because this population has not had access to protective policies, especially quality education for their choices and professional life. In this sense, it is essential to develop actions and strategies that rethink and change the current economic system, the current educational system, the forms of professional performance, and guarantee social protection for this population from early childhood onwards, so that they are able to build paths that go beyond the guarantee of rights and are protagonists of their history.
The aim of this study was to understand the professional learning from the perspective of adolescents assisted by the social assistance policy. For this purpose, a study with a qualitative approach was carried out, using bibliographic and field research, with dialectical-critical method approaches. The field research was carried out in the city of Franca (SP) with adolescents hired by the Municipal Executive Program First Chance. In 2021, the selection of apprentices by the local City Hall, following a court decision, prioritized in the selection process the hiring of adolescents in socioeconomic vulnerable situation. According to the Child and Adolescent Statute (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente ‒ ECA, law 8069 of 1990) article 62, learning is conceived as technical-professional training when delivered according to the guidelines and bases of the legislation in force (LDB, 1996). Adolescents over the age of 14 and young people up to 24 years old can be apprentices, except for the disabled person in which case there is no age limit. In order to better understand what professional learning means for these adolescents, we analyzed the capitalist mode of production which constantly changes labor relations, worsens occupation models, deregulates workers' rights, influencing Brazilian public policies operationalization, especially in education policy, guiding the market’s priorities in regards of formal education offering. As a reflection of this productive system, we reflect on how poverty, inequality, and the offer of neoliberal public policies, despite the current regulations, do not guarantee social protection for children and adolescents. Work for adolescents and young people who have experienced social vulnerability since childhood has been marked by the fragility in employment contracts, job instability, precarious, unhealthy, and often illegal child labor. We contextualized the Social Assistance policy in the city of Franca and the initiatives of the Municipal Forum for the Prevention and Eradication of Child Labor. The following categories were highlighted in the analyzes of the research participants: characterization of adolescents (who they are and how they live); personal, professional, educational development; and the family's relationship with the learning program. The research result leads us to understand that professional learning has been important for the personal, professional, and educational development of adolescents, mainly because this population has not had access to protective policies, especially quality education for their choices and professional life. In this sense, it is essential to develop actions and strategies that rethink and change the current economic system, the current educational system, the forms of professional performance, and guarantee social protection for this population from early childhood onwards, so that they are able to build paths that go beyond the guarantee of rights and are protagonists of their history.
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Palavras-chave
Trabalho, Mercado de trabalho, Adolescentes, Aprendizagem Profissional, work, Labor market, Teenagers, Professional learning