Efeitos do treinamento de habilidades psicológicas e do mindfulness-acceptance-commitment em nadadores
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2022-11-11
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Fatores psicológicos influenciam o desempenho esportivo de atletas. Assim, psicólogos do esporte têm utilizado intervenções para promover a performance esportiva e a saúde mental de atletas, como o Treinamento de Habilidades Psicológicas (THP) e a prática de Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC). O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de um THP e de um treinamento de MAC sobre variáveis psicológicas de atletas. A amostra foi composta por 27 nadadores, com idade entre 14 e 18 anos Os participantes foram alocados de forma aleatória a três grupos, sendo: a) 11 alocados ao GTHP, composto por atletas que participaram do THP; b) 9 inseridos no GMAC, constituído por atletas que realizaram o treinamento de Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment; e c) 7 alocados ao grupo controle (GC). As intervenções consistiram em uma sessão de 60 minutos por semana, durante oito semanas. Os atletas foram avaliados em três momentos diferentes: pré-teste, pós teste e follow-up (dois meses após o término das intervenções). Foram utilizados instrumentos para avaliar o estado de Mindfulness (Escala Filadélfia de Mindfulness-EFM), ansiedade-traço (Escala de Ansiedade-traço Competitiva-SCAT), atenção (Bateria Psicológica para Avaliação da Atenção-BPA), estado de humor (Escala de Humor de Brunel-BRUMS), estresse e recuperação (Questionário de Estresse e Recuperação-RESTQ-Sport), estratégias de enfrentamento (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28BR-ACSI-28BR) e uso de habilidades psicológicas (Test of Performance Strategies-2-TOPS-2). Foram realizadas comparações intra e inter grupos dos participantes do GTHP, GMAC e GC, sendo utilizados ANOVA e teste de Tukey para as variáveis com distribuição normal, e Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn para dados que não seguiram distribuição normal. O nível de significância adotado foi de p≤0,05. As análises intragrupos mostraram aumento estatisticamente significativo para atenção dentro do GTHP, do pré-teste (AG1=294,8138,08) para o pós teste (AG2=318,2725,65), e para o follow-up (AG3=334,2715,25), e também um aumento, embora não significativo, dentro do GMAC para esta mesma variável (AG1=287,2266,83; AG2=30647,84; AG3=322,8835,19). Foi possível notar que, embora não significativo, ambas intervenções desenvolveram habilidades às quais se propunham, ocorrendo aumento no uso de habilidades psicológicas dentro do GTHP do pré-teste (HP1=63,275,60) para o pós teste (HP2=646,88) e para o follow-up (HP3=65,548,46), e no mindfulness dentro do GMAC, do pré-teste (MF1=33,446,59) para o pós teste (MF2=35,887,35), o que não se manteve para o follow-up (MF3=33,775,33), ainda que neste momento o indicador foi maior que no início das intervenções. Os resultados sugerem que caminhos diferentes podem levar aos resultados desejados e, portanto, ambas as formas de intervenção parecem justificadas. Futuros estudos, que considerem medidas objetivas de desempenho, com maior tamanho amostral e cegamento dos participantes, são necessários.
Psychological factors impact the sports performance of athletes. Thus, sport psychologists have used interventions to promote sport performance and mental health of athletes, such as Psychological Skills Training (THP) and the practice of Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC). The present study aimed to analyze the effects of THP and MAC training on psychological variables of athletes. The sample was composed of 27 swimming athletes, aged 14 to 18 years. The participants were randomly allocated to three groups: a) 11 allocated to the GTHP, composed of athletes who participated in the THP; b) 9 included in the GMAC, composed of athletes who underwent Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment training; and c) 7 allocated to the control group (CG). The interventions consisted of one session of 60 minutes per week, for eight weeks. The athletes were evaluated at three different times: pre-test, posttest, and follow-up (two months after the end of the interventions). Instruments were used to assess the state of Mindfulness (Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale-EFM), anxiety-trait (Competitive Anxiety Trait Scale-SCAT), attention (Psychological Battery for Attention Assessment-BPA), mood state (Brunel Mood Scale-BRUMS), stress and recovery (Stress and Recovery Questionnaire-RESTQ-Sport), coping strategies (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory28BR-ACSI-28BR) and use of psychological skills (Test of Performance Strategies-2-TOPS2). Intra and inter-group comparisons of GTHP, GMAC, and CG participants were performed, using ANOVA and Tukey's test for variables with normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test for data that did not follow normal distribution. The significance level adopted was p≤0.05. Intragroup analyses showed a statistically significant increase for attention within the GTHP, from pre-test (AG1=294.81±38.08) to post-test (AG2=318.27±25.65), and to follow-up (AG3=334.27±15.25), and also an increase, although not significant, within the GMAC for this same variable (AG1=287.22±66.83; AG2=306±47.84; AG3=322.88±35.19). It was possible to note that, although not significant, both interventions developed skills to which they were intended, with an increase in the use of psychological skills occurring within the GTHP from pre-test (HP1=63.27±5.60) to post-test (HP2=64±6.88) and for the follow-up (HP3=65.54±8,46), and in mindfulness within the GMAC, from the pre-test (MF1=33.44±6.59) to the post-test (MF2=35.88±7.35), which was not maintained for the follow-up (MF3=33.77±5.33), although at this time the indicator was higher than at the beginning of the interventions. The results suggest that different pathways can lead to the desired results, and therefore both forms of intervention seem justified. Future studies, which consider objective measures of performance, with larger sample size and blinding of participants, are needed.
Psychological factors impact the sports performance of athletes. Thus, sport psychologists have used interventions to promote sport performance and mental health of athletes, such as Psychological Skills Training (THP) and the practice of Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC). The present study aimed to analyze the effects of THP and MAC training on psychological variables of athletes. The sample was composed of 27 swimming athletes, aged 14 to 18 years. The participants were randomly allocated to three groups: a) 11 allocated to the GTHP, composed of athletes who participated in the THP; b) 9 included in the GMAC, composed of athletes who underwent Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment training; and c) 7 allocated to the control group (CG). The interventions consisted of one session of 60 minutes per week, for eight weeks. The athletes were evaluated at three different times: pre-test, posttest, and follow-up (two months after the end of the interventions). Instruments were used to assess the state of Mindfulness (Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale-EFM), anxiety-trait (Competitive Anxiety Trait Scale-SCAT), attention (Psychological Battery for Attention Assessment-BPA), mood state (Brunel Mood Scale-BRUMS), stress and recovery (Stress and Recovery Questionnaire-RESTQ-Sport), coping strategies (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory28BR-ACSI-28BR) and use of psychological skills (Test of Performance Strategies-2-TOPS2). Intra and inter-group comparisons of GTHP, GMAC, and CG participants were performed, using ANOVA and Tukey's test for variables with normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test for data that did not follow normal distribution. The significance level adopted was p≤0.05. Intragroup analyses showed a statistically significant increase for attention within the GTHP, from pre-test (AG1=294.81±38.08) to post-test (AG2=318.27±25.65), and to follow-up (AG3=334.27±15.25), and also an increase, although not significant, within the GMAC for this same variable (AG1=287.22±66.83; AG2=306±47.84; AG3=322.88±35.19). It was possible to note that, although not significant, both interventions developed skills to which they were intended, with an increase in the use of psychological skills occurring within the GTHP from pre-test (HP1=63.27±5.60) to post-test (HP2=64±6.88) and for the follow-up (HP3=65.54±8,46), and in mindfulness within the GMAC, from the pre-test (MF1=33.44±6.59) to the post-test (MF2=35.88±7.35), which was not maintained for the follow-up (MF3=33.77±5.33), although at this time the indicator was higher than at the beginning of the interventions. The results suggest that different pathways can lead to the desired results, and therefore both forms of intervention seem justified. Future studies, which consider objective measures of performance, with larger sample size and blinding of participants, are needed.
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Psicologia do esporte, Treinamento de habilidades psicológicas, Mindfulness, Atletas, Natação, Sport psychology, Psychological skills training, Athletes, Swim