Variabilidade espaçotemporal da fertilidade do solo em ndvi em área de cerrado brasileiro
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2023-05-17
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A demanda por alimentos é crescente. Até 2050 teremos que produzir alimentos para 9 bilhões de pessoas. Portanto, os sistemas de produção devem possuir alto rendimento e qualidade. O Brasil é um exportador de commodities que se mostra fundamental para suprir essa demanda futura. Elevar a produtividade das áreas de lavouras com meios mais eficientes de monitoramento é um dos desafios. O estudo objetiva o uso de ferramentas da agricultura de precisão para conhecer variabilidade da área de estudo, com a finalidade de uma agricultura sustentável com maior assertividade, maiores produtividade e redução de custos, por meio da da geoestatística e do sensoriamento remoto. Estudar a diferença de escala e variações em áreas de produção ajuda na compreensão da dinâmica da vegetação e sua interação com outros componentes. A variabilidade dos atributos K e o pH do solo (DF<3) foi encontrada ao longo do desenvolvimento da cultura. Já o Mg (Magnésio) e a MO (Matéria Orgânica) apresentaram valores de DF (Dimensão Fractal) igual 3 ou maior 3 ao longo dos cortes realizados. O estudo mostra que o solo do Cerrado é heterogêneo e que a calagem para a correção da acidez do solo e as adubações devem considerar a variabilidade do solo. Em relação ao NDVI o 1º corte, se mostrou padronizado com a presença anisotrópica no ângulo de 120º e 300º (DF = 3 ou DF >3). O NDVI apresentou dependência espacial no ângulo de 60°,150° e 330º (DF<3). A anisotropia (DF = 3 ou DF >3) ocorreu no mesmo ângulo do 1º corte (120º e 300º), padrão que se repetiu no 3º corte. Os valores do mínimo e máximo (0. 292 - 0.675) do NDVI demonstraram que a radiação que é refletida pela superfície da cana-de-açúcar varia ao longo do tempo. Os valores de média 0.607, 0.546 e 0.586, no 1º, 2º e 3º corte, respectivamente, mostrou o vigor da cana-de-açúcar nos cortes iniciais apresentado uma tendência a queda a partir do 4º corte. O NDVI apresentou DF = 3 ou DF >3 no 1º, 2º e 3º corte, nos mesmos ângulos estudados o de 120º e 300º. Ao longo dos cortes ocorreu o efeito de anisotropia de refletância de superfície no NDVI, o que indica a influência de declividade e da linha de plantio na reflectância cana-de-açúcar. A dimensão fractal se mostrou uma ferramenta importante para a caracterização da anisotropia, se mostrando sensível a elementos externos como o relevo, chuva, ações antrópicas e cobertura vegetal.
The demand for food is growing. By 2050 we will have to produce food for 9 billion people. Therefore, production systems must have high yields and quality. Brazil is a commodity exporter that proves to be fundamental to supplying this future demand. Increasing the productivity of crop areas with more efficient means of monitoring is one of the challenges. The objective of the study is to use precision agriculture tools to know the variability of the study area, with the aim of sustainable agriculture with greater assertiveness, higher productivity, and cost reduction, through geostatistics and remote sensing tools. Studying the difference in scale and variations in production areas helps in understanding the dynamics of vegetation and its interaction with other components. The variability of K attributes and soil pH (DF<3) was observed throughout the crop development. On the other hand, Mg (Magnesium) and OM (Organic Matter) presented values of DF (Fractal Dimension) equal to 3 or greater than 3 along the cuts performed. The study shows that Cerrado soil is heterogeneous and that liming to correct soil acidity and fertilization must consider soil variability. The NDVI in the 1st cut was standardized with an anisotropic presence at angles of 120º and 300º (DF = 3 or DF >3). In the 2 nd cut, we have the presence of variability structure. The NDVI showed spatial dependence at angles of 60°, 150°, and 330° (DF<3). The anisotropy (DF = 3 or DF >3) occurred at the same angle as the 1st cut (120º and 300º), a pattern that was repeated in the 3rd cut. The minimum and maximum values (0.292 - 0.675) of the NDVI indicated that the radiation that is reflected by the sugarcane surface varies over time. The mean values of 0.607, 0.546, and 0.586, in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cut respectively, showed the vigor of the sugarcane in the initial cuts, showing a downward trend from the 4th cut. The NDVI presented DF = 3 or DF >3 in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cut at the same studied angles, 120º and 300º. The effect of anisotropy of surface reflectance in the NDVI occurred along the cuts, which indicates the influence of slope and planting row on sugarcane reflectance. The fractal dimension proved to be an important tool for the characterization of anisotropy, being sensitive to external elements such as relief, rain, anthropic actions, and vegetation cover.
The demand for food is growing. By 2050 we will have to produce food for 9 billion people. Therefore, production systems must have high yields and quality. Brazil is a commodity exporter that proves to be fundamental to supplying this future demand. Increasing the productivity of crop areas with more efficient means of monitoring is one of the challenges. The objective of the study is to use precision agriculture tools to know the variability of the study area, with the aim of sustainable agriculture with greater assertiveness, higher productivity, and cost reduction, through geostatistics and remote sensing tools. Studying the difference in scale and variations in production areas helps in understanding the dynamics of vegetation and its interaction with other components. The variability of K attributes and soil pH (DF<3) was observed throughout the crop development. On the other hand, Mg (Magnesium) and OM (Organic Matter) presented values of DF (Fractal Dimension) equal to 3 or greater than 3 along the cuts performed. The study shows that Cerrado soil is heterogeneous and that liming to correct soil acidity and fertilization must consider soil variability. The NDVI in the 1st cut was standardized with an anisotropic presence at angles of 120º and 300º (DF = 3 or DF >3). In the 2 nd cut, we have the presence of variability structure. The NDVI showed spatial dependence at angles of 60°, 150°, and 330° (DF<3). The anisotropy (DF = 3 or DF >3) occurred at the same angle as the 1st cut (120º and 300º), a pattern that was repeated in the 3rd cut. The minimum and maximum values (0.292 - 0.675) of the NDVI indicated that the radiation that is reflected by the sugarcane surface varies over time. The mean values of 0.607, 0.546, and 0.586, in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cut respectively, showed the vigor of the sugarcane in the initial cuts, showing a downward trend from the 4th cut. The NDVI presented DF = 3 or DF >3 in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cut at the same studied angles, 120º and 300º. The effect of anisotropy of surface reflectance in the NDVI occurred along the cuts, which indicates the influence of slope and planting row on sugarcane reflectance. The fractal dimension proved to be an important tool for the characterization of anisotropy, being sensitive to external elements such as relief, rain, anthropic actions, and vegetation cover.
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Anisotropia, Dimensão Fractal, Atributos do Solo, Reflectância, Agricultura Sustentável.