A proteção dos idosos por meio dos benefícios de seguridade social substitutivos da renda: um estudo de direito comparado entre Brasil e Chile.
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Data
2023-06-28
Autores
Souza, André Torres Pinheiro de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O presente trabalho buscou realizar um estudo de direito comparado entre Brasil e Chile acerca da proteção conferida aos cidadãos idosos por meio dos benefícios de seguridade social substitutivos da renda. O tema é de interesse coletivo e crescente relevância, sobretudo diante do acelerado processo de alterações demográficas e do debate acerca da sustentabilidade e eficiência dos sistemas securitários, de modo que, esta pesquisa teve por escopo analisar minuciosamente o regramento normativo interno de cada país, no tocante ao acesso e forma de concessão dos benefícios de aposentadoria que permeiam os benefícios substitutivos de renda voltados aos cidadãos idosos, averiguando-se a suficiência dessas prestações para que tal parcela da população possa prover a própria subsistência e viver com dignidade. Para isso, foi necessário analisar o contexto interno de cada nação, para melhor compreender os motivos que levaram o Chile a implementar um modelo de capitalização individual, enquanto o Brasil manteve o regime público de repartição simples, baseado no princípio da solidariedade e do pacto de gerações, bem como as subsequentes alterações legislativas, que, no Chile, significaram a reinserção do pilar solidário, reformulação de benefícios de complementação de renda e questionamentos quanto à eficácia do modelo de capitalização individual, ao passo que, no Brasil, a recente PEC nº 103/2019, parcialmente aprovada, levantou a possibilidade de uma reforma estrutural, com fins de implementar um modelo de capitalização individual, tal como ocorrido no país andino. E ainda, uma vez que o direito à seguridade social possui natureza de direito fundamental em ambos os ordenamentos jurídicos, realizou-se um estudo de casos, com fins de aferir a função de cada Corte Constitucional na efetiva proteção de renda aos idosos por meio dos benefícios securitários substitutivos de renda, constatando-se que, apesar de fundados em ideais distintos, prevalece o caráter de direito indisponível do direito à seguridade social, que deve ser assegurado com fins de garantir a coletividade em detrimento ao indivíduo. Embora formalmente protegidas pela Constituição brasileira e chilena como direito fundamental, é certo que o direito à seguridade social não é imune de ataques e supressões, sendo relevante averiguar o papel desempenhado pela OIT na garantia dessa prerrogativa, por meio de suas Convenções e Recomendação acerca da proteção de renda na velhice e dos Relatórios Mundiais Periódicos de Proteção Social, assim como confrontar os parâmetros mínimos internacionais com os positivados no âmbito interno de Brasil e Chile, com escopo de verificar se tais normas seriam consonantes. Embora formalmente exista adequação das normas internas com os dispositivos internacionais, constatou-se que estes, além de demasiadamente abertos, não são eficazes para impedir a implementação de reformas negativas ou mesmo para garantir que os benefícios substitutivos de renda voltados aos idosos sejam suficientes para garantir que possam prover a própria subsistência e viver com dignidade.
The present research sought to carry out a Comparative Law study between Brazil and Chile regarding the elderly protection through income-substituting social security benefits. There are collective interest and growing relevance on studying this theme, especially considering the fast demographic changes and the sustainability and efficiency of insurance systems debate, so this research had the scope of analyzing Brasil and Chile internal normative system, regarding the access which kind of retirement benefits are granted for elderly citizens in each country, hoping to verify if these benefits are sufficient for the elderly ´provide its own subsistemce and live with dignity. It was necessary to analyze the internal context of each nation, in order to better understand the reasons that led Chile to implement an individual capitalization model, while Brazil maintained the public pay-as-you-go system, based on the solidarity principle and the Generation Pact, as well as the subsequent legislative changes, which, in Chile, meant the reinsertion of the solidary pillar, income supplementation benefits reformulation and questions regarding the effectiveness of the individual capitalization model, while, in Brazil, the recent PEC nº 103/2019, partially approved, raised the possibility of a structural reform, by purpose implementing an individual capitalization model, such as it happened in Chile. And yet, since the social security right is considered a Fundamental Right in both legal systems, a Case Study was carried out, in order to assess the role of each Constitutional Court in the effective protection of income for the elderly through the income-substituting security benefits, noting that, despite being based on different ideals, the unavailable nature of Fundamental Right to social security prevails, which must be ensured in order to colective rights overrule individual rights. Although formally protected by the Brazilian and Chilean Constitutions as a Fundamental Right, the social security right is not immune from attacks and suppressions, and the role played by the ILO in guaranteeing this prerogative, through its Conventions and Recommendations on the income protection in old age and the Periodic World Reports on Social Protection, as well as comparing the minimum international parameters with the positive ones in the domestic scope of Brazil and Chile, with the aim of verifying whether such norms would be consonante, turned out to be significant and it was analysed during this research. Although formally the internal norms are adequate with international provisions, these, in addition to being too open, are not effective in preventing negative reforms or even to guarantee that income replacement benefits aimed at the elderly are sufficient to guarantee who can provide for their own subsistence and live with dignity.
The present research sought to carry out a Comparative Law study between Brazil and Chile regarding the elderly protection through income-substituting social security benefits. There are collective interest and growing relevance on studying this theme, especially considering the fast demographic changes and the sustainability and efficiency of insurance systems debate, so this research had the scope of analyzing Brasil and Chile internal normative system, regarding the access which kind of retirement benefits are granted for elderly citizens in each country, hoping to verify if these benefits are sufficient for the elderly ´provide its own subsistemce and live with dignity. It was necessary to analyze the internal context of each nation, in order to better understand the reasons that led Chile to implement an individual capitalization model, while Brazil maintained the public pay-as-you-go system, based on the solidarity principle and the Generation Pact, as well as the subsequent legislative changes, which, in Chile, meant the reinsertion of the solidary pillar, income supplementation benefits reformulation and questions regarding the effectiveness of the individual capitalization model, while, in Brazil, the recent PEC nº 103/2019, partially approved, raised the possibility of a structural reform, by purpose implementing an individual capitalization model, such as it happened in Chile. And yet, since the social security right is considered a Fundamental Right in both legal systems, a Case Study was carried out, in order to assess the role of each Constitutional Court in the effective protection of income for the elderly through the income-substituting security benefits, noting that, despite being based on different ideals, the unavailable nature of Fundamental Right to social security prevails, which must be ensured in order to colective rights overrule individual rights. Although formally protected by the Brazilian and Chilean Constitutions as a Fundamental Right, the social security right is not immune from attacks and suppressions, and the role played by the ILO in guaranteeing this prerogative, through its Conventions and Recommendations on the income protection in old age and the Periodic World Reports on Social Protection, as well as comparing the minimum international parameters with the positive ones in the domestic scope of Brazil and Chile, with the aim of verifying whether such norms would be consonante, turned out to be significant and it was analysed during this research. Although formally the internal norms are adequate with international provisions, these, in addition to being too open, are not effective in preventing negative reforms or even to guarantee that income replacement benefits aimed at the elderly are sufficient to guarantee who can provide for their own subsistence and live with dignity.
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Palavras-chave
Seguridade Social, Assistência Social, Previdência Social, Benefícios previdenciários, Elderly social protection, Aging rights, Replaces income through social security, Elderly social assistente benefits