Extrusora de polímeros open-source e de baixo custo para atividades de pesquisa
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Data
2022-08-04
Autores
Oliveira Filho, Maurício de [UNESP]
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O sucateamento das universidades públicas associado ao grande descarte de plásticos de uso único são problemas da sociedade atual. A redução dos investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, no Brasil, acontece tanto nas esferas estaduais como nas federais. O descarte de resíduos polui nossos solos e mares, causando graves problemas ao nosso meio ambiente. Unir estes dois problemas atuais para encontrar uma solução em comum é necessário. A comunidade maker, associada à conduta Open Source, desenvolveu e barateou inúmeros equipamentos. Esses equipamentos são normalmente utilizados em FabLabs, que são centros de desenvolvimento e pesquisa. Neste, a manufatura aditiva impera e ajuda a resolver demandas da sociedade. Somando-se a isto, a impressão 3D é cotada com uma ótima solução para reuso de polímeros. Portanto, este trabalho visa projetar, construir e testar uma extrusora de bancada, monorosca, com L/D de 23 e com temperatura máximo de 400°C. A máquina tem que ser de baixo custo, Open Source e desenvolvida para pesquisa. A extrusora de bancada será desenvolvida para fabricação de filamentos para impressoras 3D. Para validação do equipamento, o copolímero Acrilonitrila Butadieno Estireno (ABS) foi testado a partir de filamentos comerciais provenientes de fabricante nacional. Os filamentos foram peletizados e o equipamento foi validado para diferentes temperaturas de processo, 205, 210, 215, 220 e 225°C, com diferentes vazões, variando o sinal para o motor, com 40, 50 e 60 de PWM. A validação foi feita por análise térmica dos componentes. Durante o processo, foi obtido a variação do diâmetro do filamento, utilizando um sistema com paquímetro digital, com aquisição em tempo real dos dados. As temperaturas em quatro posições radiais distintas no tambor, a zero, três, nove e quinze milímetros. Todos posicionados no mesmo plano perpendicular ao eixo da rosca. A rotação do motor extrusor, e a corrente consumida pelo motor e pelas resistências também foram analisados. Os filamentos produzidos também foram analisados quanto à rugosidade do material, quantitativa e qualitativamente, utilizando microscopia confocal e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Após análise estatística, por análise de variância e Tukey, conclui-se que a temperatura de processamento é o fator mais importante para a qualidade dos filamentos para este material neste tipo de extrusora.
The scrapping of public universities, associated with the large disposal of single-use plastics, are problems of today's society. The reduction of investments in research and development, in Brazil, happens both at the state and federal levels. The disposal of waste pollutes our soils and seas, causing serious problems in our environment. Bringing these two current problems together to find a common solution is necessary. The maker community associated with Open-Source conduct has developed and cheapened numerous pieces of equipment. This equipment is typically used in FabLabs, which are development and research centers. Here, additive manufacturing reigns supreme and helps solve societal demands. Adding to this, 3D printing is quoted as a great solution for polymer reuse. Therefore, this work aims to design, build and test a benchtop, single-screw extruder, with L/D of 23 and a maximum temperature of 400°C. The machine has to be low cost, Open Source and developed for research. The benchtop extruder will be developed for filament manufacturing for 3D printers. To validate the equipment, the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymer (ABS) was tested from commercial filaments from a national manufacturer. The filaments were pelleted and the equipment was validated for different process temperatures, 205, 210, 215, 220 and 225°C, with different flow rates, varying the signal to the motor, with 40, 50 and 60 of PWM. Validation was done by thermal analysis of the components. During the process, the variation of the filament diameter was obtained, using a digital caliper system, with real-time data acquisition. The temperatures in four different radial positions in the drum, at zero, three, nine and fifteen millimeters. All positioned in the same plane perpendicular to the screw axis. The rotation of the extruder motor, and the current consumed by the motor and the heaters were also analyzed. The filaments produced were also analyzed for material roughness, quantitatively and qualitatively, using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. After statistical analysis, by analysis of variance and Tukey, it is concluded that the processing temperature is the most important factor for the quality of the filaments for this material in this type of extruder
The scrapping of public universities, associated with the large disposal of single-use plastics, are problems of today's society. The reduction of investments in research and development, in Brazil, happens both at the state and federal levels. The disposal of waste pollutes our soils and seas, causing serious problems in our environment. Bringing these two current problems together to find a common solution is necessary. The maker community associated with Open-Source conduct has developed and cheapened numerous pieces of equipment. This equipment is typically used in FabLabs, which are development and research centers. Here, additive manufacturing reigns supreme and helps solve societal demands. Adding to this, 3D printing is quoted as a great solution for polymer reuse. Therefore, this work aims to design, build and test a benchtop, single-screw extruder, with L/D of 23 and a maximum temperature of 400°C. The machine has to be low cost, Open Source and developed for research. The benchtop extruder will be developed for filament manufacturing for 3D printers. To validate the equipment, the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymer (ABS) was tested from commercial filaments from a national manufacturer. The filaments were pelleted and the equipment was validated for different process temperatures, 205, 210, 215, 220 and 225°C, with different flow rates, varying the signal to the motor, with 40, 50 and 60 of PWM. Validation was done by thermal analysis of the components. During the process, the variation of the filament diameter was obtained, using a digital caliper system, with real-time data acquisition. The temperatures in four different radial positions in the drum, at zero, three, nine and fifteen millimeters. All positioned in the same plane perpendicular to the screw axis. The rotation of the extruder motor, and the current consumed by the motor and the heaters were also analyzed. The filaments produced were also analyzed for material roughness, quantitatively and qualitatively, using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. After statistical analysis, by analysis of variance and Tukey, it is concluded that the processing temperature is the most important factor for the quality of the filaments for this material in this type of extruder
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Green-FabLab, Extrusão, Manufatura aditiva, Economia circular., Extrusion, Additive manufacture, Circular economy, Polímeros, Processo de extrusão, Planejamento dos recursos de manufatura