Sobre o fenômeno do populismo digital no Brasil: medo e poder na economia política do tempo presente
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Data
2023-03-16
Autores
Chamma, Letícia Negrão
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A eleição de Jair Messias Bolsonaro como presidente da República do Brasil em 2018 representa um marco na história brasileira não apenas pelo uso que foi feito das redes sociais digitais na sua campanha eleitoral, mas também por significar a manifestação do fenômeno do populismo contemporâneo no país. Tendo em vista a ascensão global de novos movimentos da direita no século XXI e a presença da mentalidade populista no Brasil, pretendemos compreender o que é o populismo contemporâneo, a sua essência, a sua gênese histórica e o seu modo de difusão. A investigação do sentido e significado do fenômeno partem da relação entre medo e poder na economia política contemporânea, evidenciando que o populismo contemporâneo é uma expressão política particular do tempo presente: trata-se de um movimento reativo da pequena e média burguesia frente à centralização do capital. Contudo, também é um movimento de massas e, por isso, a análise das manifestações estéticas e discursivas de Bolsonaro no Twitter permite acessar o modo como a mentalidade populista se desenvolve no caso brasileiro. Para isso, foram coletados todos os tweets que, entre os dias 6 de setembro de 2018 e 31 de dezembro de 2022, alcançaram mais de 15 mil retweets, totalizando 304 postagens. O populismo contemporâneo possui a característica de dividir a sociedade entre povo e não povo, amigos e inimigos de modo a anunciar a necessidade de restauração da sociedade permeada de conflitos sociais em direção a uma comunidade autêntica e harmônica. Em nome da liberdade, líderes populistas reivindicam representar a verdadeira democracia, mas ao reproduzirem-se no interior do regime democrático, apresentam tendências autoritárias e desumanizantes. Assim, ao defender uma democracia mais restritiva, acabam por desvelar o caráter tipicamente burguês das democracias contemporâneas.
Jair Messias Bolsonaro’s election as president of the Republic of Brazil in 2018 represents a mark in Brazilian history not only for the use of digital social networks in the election campaign, but also because it means the manifestation of the phenomenon of contemporary populism in the country. Whereas that in the 21st century new right-wing movements arise globally and that the populist mentality makes its presence in Brazil, we intend to understand what contemporary populism is, its essence, historical genesis and modes of diffusion. The investigation of the sense and meaning of the phenomenon begins from the relation between fear and power in the contemporary political economy, pointing out that the contemporary populism is a political expression of the present time: it’s a reactive movement driven by the small and middle bourgeoisie against the capital’s centralization. Nevertheless, it’s also a mass movement and therefore the analysis of Bolsonaro's aesthetic and discursive manifestations on Twitter allows access to the development of the populist mentality in the Brazilian case. For this, all the tweets that reached more than 15 thousand retweets between September 6, 2018 and December 31, 2022, were collected, totalizing 304 posts. Contemporary populism has the characteristic of dividing society between the people and the non-people, friends and enemies, in order to announce the need to restore society pervaded by social conflicts towards an authentic and harmonious community. In the name of freedom, populists leaders claim to represent true democracy, but by reproducing itselves within the democratic regime, they exhibit authoritarian and dehumanizing tendencies. Therefore, by defending a restrictive democracy, populism reveals the typically bourgeois character of contemporary democracies.
Jair Messias Bolsonaro’s election as president of the Republic of Brazil in 2018 represents a mark in Brazilian history not only for the use of digital social networks in the election campaign, but also because it means the manifestation of the phenomenon of contemporary populism in the country. Whereas that in the 21st century new right-wing movements arise globally and that the populist mentality makes its presence in Brazil, we intend to understand what contemporary populism is, its essence, historical genesis and modes of diffusion. The investigation of the sense and meaning of the phenomenon begins from the relation between fear and power in the contemporary political economy, pointing out that the contemporary populism is a political expression of the present time: it’s a reactive movement driven by the small and middle bourgeoisie against the capital’s centralization. Nevertheless, it’s also a mass movement and therefore the analysis of Bolsonaro's aesthetic and discursive manifestations on Twitter allows access to the development of the populist mentality in the Brazilian case. For this, all the tweets that reached more than 15 thousand retweets between September 6, 2018 and December 31, 2022, were collected, totalizing 304 posts. Contemporary populism has the characteristic of dividing society between the people and the non-people, friends and enemies, in order to announce the need to restore society pervaded by social conflicts towards an authentic and harmonious community. In the name of freedom, populists leaders claim to represent true democracy, but by reproducing itselves within the democratic regime, they exhibit authoritarian and dehumanizing tendencies. Therefore, by defending a restrictive democracy, populism reveals the typically bourgeois character of contemporary democracies.
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Bolsonaro, Populismo contemporâneo, Medo, Política digital, Democracia burguesa, Contemporary populism, Fear, Digital politics, Bourgeois democracy