Centro Histórico de São Luís e acessibilidade: estudo e proposta, no campo do design, para inclusão de pessoas com deficiência visual
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Data
2022-10-27
Autores
Costa, Andréa Katiane Ferreira
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A relação entre Centros Históricos e acessibilidade é dicotômica em muitas situações dos diversos Sítios mundo afora, especialmente no Brasil. Ambos os temas são amparados por leis, entretanto, muitos pontos elencados na legislação de acessibilidade conflitam com aqueles amparados por leis de preservação patrimonial. Este tema tornou-se mais complexo na contemporaneidade, como ocorre em São Luís ‒ MA, cidade que tem o título de Patrimônio Mundial, porém ainda não alcançou o nível de cidade acessível. Se, de um lado, centros históricos precisam ser preservados, de outro, pessoas com deficiência precisam ter seus direitos garantidos, inclusive o direito à cidade. A pesquisa considera que o maior número de pessoas com deficiência, no Brasil, encontra-se na categoria da deficiência visual e que grande parte das publicações sobre acessibilidade em centros históricos é voltada às pessoas com deficiência física ou mobilidade reduzida, ou, ainda, pessoas com deficiência de modo geral, não se aprofundando no estudo voltado à acessibilidade da pessoa com deficiência visual em espaços patrimoniais, como centros históricos. A pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as barreiras de acessibilidade impostas às pessoas com deficiência visual em seus deslocamentos e acessos aos espaços do Centro Histórico de São Luís, a fim de propor recomendações que contribuam para um deslocamento com mais segurança e autonomia. Para tanto, utiliza diferentes processos metodológicos, revisão da literatura, em contraponto a observação de estudos de caso que buscaram compreender a perspectiva da participação do público em questão. Foram aplicadas técnicas de identificação dos participantes, entrevistas semiestruturadas, passeio acompanhado (DISCHINGER, 2000), análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977) e registro audiovisual. Como resultado do estudo, foram encontradas barreiras físicas (a ex. as escadarias); barreiras comunicacionais (p. ex., falta de identificação de prédios, ruas e mapa em formato acessível, com audiodescrição; de contraste de cores e ampliação; de rotas e sinalização acessível em múltiplos formatos); e barreiras atitudinais (p. ex., preconceito; falta de informação à população vidente; a falta de cardápio em Braille em restaurantes e falta de sensibilidade). Esta investigação deve contribuir para a mobilidade e orientação das Pessoas com Deficiência Visual no Centro Histórico de São Luís, capital do Maranhão, a fim de lhes proporcionar segurança e autonomia. Destacando as contribuições no campo do design, especialmente quanto à quebra das barreiras comunicacionais (que dizem respeito, por exemplo, a sinalização, equipamentos e Tecnologia Assistiva) e atitudinais (que dizem respeito, por exemplo, a estereótipos e preconceitos à serem vencidos através de materiais e serviços de informação e educação em múltiplos formatos). As recomendações deste estudo consideram as referências técnicas e normativas (p. ex. daquelas do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, da lei de acessibilidade e recomendações da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência) em vigor e sugerem acréscimos à da NBR 9050.
The relationship between Historic Centers and accessibility is dichotomous in many situations in different sites around the world, especially in Brazil. Both themes are supported by laws, however, many points listed in accessibility legislation conflict with those supported by heritage preservation laws. This theme has become more complex in contemporary times, as it occurs in São Luís - MA, a city that has the title of World Heritage, but has not yet reached the level of an accessible city. If, on the one hand, historic centers need to be preserved, on the other hand, people with disabilities need to have their rights guaranteed, including the right to the city. The research considers that the largest number of people with disabilities in Brazil is in the category of visual impairment and that most of the publications on accessibility in historic centers are aimed at people with physical disabilities or reduced mobility, or even people with disabilities in general, not delving into the study focused on the accessibility of the visually impaired person in heritage spaces, such as historic centers. The research aims to analyze the accessibility barriers imposed on people with visual impairments in their displacements and access to spaces in the Historic Center of São Luís, in order to propose recommendations that contribute to a displacement with more safety and autonomy. For that, it uses different methodological processes, literature review, in contrast to the observation of case studies that sought to understand the perspective of the participation of the public in question. Participants' identification techniques, semi-structured interviews, guided tour (DISCHINGER, 2000), content analysis (BARDIN, 1977) and audiovisual recording were applied. As a result of the study, physical barriers were found (eg stairs); communication barriers (eg, lack of identification of buildings, streets and maps in an accessible format, with audio description; color contrast and magnification; routes and signage accessible in multiple formats); and attitudinal barriers (eg, prejudice; lack of information for the sighted population; lack of Braille menus in restaurants and lack of sensitivity). This investigation should contribute to the mobility and guidance of People with Visual Impairments in the Historic Center of São Luís, capital of Maranhão, in order to provide them with security and autonomy. Highlighting the contributions in the field of design, especially in terms of breaking down communication barriers (which concern, for example, signage, equipment and Assistive Technology) and attitudinal barriers (which concern, for example, stereotypes and prejudices to be overcome through information and education materials and services in multiple formats). The recommendations of this study consider the technical and normative references (eg those of the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, the accessibility law and recommendations of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) in force and suggest additions to that of NBR 9050.
The relationship between Historic Centers and accessibility is dichotomous in many situations in different sites around the world, especially in Brazil. Both themes are supported by laws, however, many points listed in accessibility legislation conflict with those supported by heritage preservation laws. This theme has become more complex in contemporary times, as it occurs in São Luís - MA, a city that has the title of World Heritage, but has not yet reached the level of an accessible city. If, on the one hand, historic centers need to be preserved, on the other hand, people with disabilities need to have their rights guaranteed, including the right to the city. The research considers that the largest number of people with disabilities in Brazil is in the category of visual impairment and that most of the publications on accessibility in historic centers are aimed at people with physical disabilities or reduced mobility, or even people with disabilities in general, not delving into the study focused on the accessibility of the visually impaired person in heritage spaces, such as historic centers. The research aims to analyze the accessibility barriers imposed on people with visual impairments in their displacements and access to spaces in the Historic Center of São Luís, in order to propose recommendations that contribute to a displacement with more safety and autonomy. For that, it uses different methodological processes, literature review, in contrast to the observation of case studies that sought to understand the perspective of the participation of the public in question. Participants' identification techniques, semi-structured interviews, guided tour (DISCHINGER, 2000), content analysis (BARDIN, 1977) and audiovisual recording were applied. As a result of the study, physical barriers were found (eg stairs); communication barriers (eg, lack of identification of buildings, streets and maps in an accessible format, with audio description; color contrast and magnification; routes and signage accessible in multiple formats); and attitudinal barriers (eg, prejudice; lack of information for the sighted population; lack of Braille menus in restaurants and lack of sensitivity). This investigation should contribute to the mobility and guidance of People with Visual Impairments in the Historic Center of São Luís, capital of Maranhão, in order to provide them with security and autonomy. Highlighting the contributions in the field of design, especially in terms of breaking down communication barriers (which concern, for example, signage, equipment and Assistive Technology) and attitudinal barriers (which concern, for example, stereotypes and prejudices to be overcome through information and education materials and services in multiple formats). The recommendations of this study consider the technical and normative references (eg those of the Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, the accessibility law and recommendations of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) in force and suggest additions to that of NBR 9050.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Design, Acessibilidade, Centro Histórico de São Luís, Deficiência visual, Espaço público urbano, Visual impairment, Accessibility, Urban public space, Historic Center of São Luís