Biomassa arbórea e carbono em áreas de restauração da Mata Atlântica
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Data
2024-03-01
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
As florestas em processo de restauração têm grande potencial de produtividade no estoque de biomassa e carbono, mas a escassez de equações ajustadas para diferentes sistemas e idades geram incertezas nas estimativas. Além disso, não está claro sobre quais variáveis mais contribuem para o estoque de biomassa nesses sistemas. Objetivamos, com este trabalho, analisar as estimativas de biomassa e carbono em sistema de restauração florestal na Mata Atlântica, com a finalidade de ampliar o conhecimento dos principais fatores que afetam essas variáveis e também aperfeiçoar métodos de estimativa com o ajuste de equações locais para florestas restauradas com cerca de 23 anos de idade. Pretendemos também verificar se diferentes tratamentos de restauração afetam o acúmulo de biomassa e carbono ao longo de 23 anos, e se o efeito pode ser atribuído à sua complexidade e diversidade de espécies. O trabalho foi estruturado em três capítulos. No capítulo 1, analisamos o estado da arte dos estudos sobre estoques de biomassa e carbono acima e abaixo do solo, em florestas em restauração no domínio do bioma Mata Atlântica, visando identificar os principais métodos e variáveis que mais afetam a produtividade desses sistemas. Nossos resultados mostraram que a temperatura, precipitação, idade e altitude foram os fatores que melhor explicaram o acúmulo de biomassa em sítios de restauração. Os trabalhos utilizaram, em sua maioria, equações da literatura, enquanto o ajuste de equações foi realizado principalmente para florestas jovens, com menos de 15 anos de restauração. Constatamos que o estoque de biomassa em áreas restauradas se assemelha ao de florestas nativas a partir de 25 anos. No capítulo 2, realizamos o ajuste de novas equações alométricas através do método destrutivo, e verificamos o erro da estimativa da biomassa ao usar equações gerais da literatura. Para isso, abatemos 60 árvores de 20 espécies mais abundantes (3 indivíduos por espécie), de um sistema de restauração implantado há 23 anos. A biomassa total das árvores abatidas foi de 18.499,26 kg, distribuídas entre: folhas 3,8%, galhos 38,5%, tronco/fuste 34,9% e raízes 22,9%. Comparamos o erro ao utilizar o modelo ajustado e equações gerais e não verificamos diferenças significativas para a maioria dos modelos. Concluímos que, nossos modelos ajustados fornecem estimativas confiáveis da biomassa aérea e radicular, principalmente para florestas mais maduras, devido à maior amplitude de variação no conjunto de dados. No capítulo 3, avaliamos um projeto de restauração com 23 anos de idade, com delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e três repetições em duas áreas de estudo e com diferentes tipos de solos. Nosso objetivo foi compreender melhor a relação entre diversidade de espécies e o acúmulo de biomassa em florestas restauradas por diferentes métodos de restauração. Inventariamos todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) ≥ 5 cm. Comparamos os tratamentos entre si quanto à diversidade de espécies, densidade de indivíduos, área basal e estoque de biomassa e carbono. A área basal, diversidade de espécies, biomassa e carbono diferiram entre os tratamentos. Todos os tratamentos de restauração ativa foram semelhantes entre si quanto à biomassa aérea (91,97 Mg.ha-1 a 152,56 Mg.ha-1) e radicular (16,71 Mg.ha-1 a 24,68 Mg.ha-1), exceto para a restauração passiva com menor acúmulo de biomassa. O incremento médio anual total variou de 7,70 Mg.ha-1/ano-1 a 4,75 Mg.ha-1/ano-1, e a taxa de sequestro de carbono foi de 3,39 Mg./há-1/ano-1 a 2,16 Mg.ha-1/ano-1 nos sistemas de restauração ativa e de apenas 0,94 Mg.ha-1/ano-1 de carbono para a restauração passiva. A diversidade de espécies teve um papel marginal no estoque de biomassa arbórea, indicando que outros fatores devem ser explorados. Concluímos que os tratamentos ativamente restaurados têm contribuído significativamente para o acúmulo de biomassa e sequestro de carbono ao longo do tempo nessas florestas restauradas.
Forests in the restoration process have great potential for productivity in terms of biomass and carbon stock, but the scarcity of adjusted equations for different systems and ages generates uncertainty in the estimates. Furthermore, it is not clear which variables contribute most to the biomass stock in these systems. With this work, we aim to analyze biomass and carbon estimates in a forest restoration system in the Atlantic Forest, with the aim of expanding knowledge of the main factors that affect these variables and also improving estimation methods by adjusting local equations for forests. restored around 23 years old. We also intend to verify whether different restoration treatments affect the accumulation of biomass and carbon over 23 years, and whether the effect can be attributed to their complexity and species diversity. The work was structured into three chapters. In chapter 1, we analyzed the state of the art of studies on biomass and carbon stocks above and below ground, in forests undergoing restoration in the Atlantic Forest biome, aiming to identify the main methods and variables that most affect the productivity of these systems. Our results showed that temperature, precipitation, age and altitude were the factors that best explained biomass accumulation in restoration sites. The works mostly used equations from the literature, while the adjustment of equations was carried out mainly for young forests, with less than 15 years of restoration. We found that the biomass stock in restored areas resembles that of native forests from 25 years onwards. In chapter 2, we adjust new allometric equations using the destructive method, and verify the error in biomass estimation when using general equations from the literature. To do this, we felled 60 trees of the 20 most abundant species (3 individuals per species), from a restoration system implemented 23 years ago. The total biomass of the trees felled was 18,499.26 kg, distributed between: leaves 3.8%, branches 38.5%, trunk/stem 34.9% and roots 22.9%. We compared the error when using the adjusted model and general equations and found no significant differences for most models. We conclude that our adjusted models provide reliable estimates of aboveground and root biomass, especially for more mature forests, due to the greater range of variation in the data set. In chapter 3, we evaluate a 23-year-old restoration project, with a randomized block design, with seven treatments and three replications in two study areas and with different types of soil. Our objective was to better understand the relationship between species diversity and biomass accumulation in forests restored by different restoration methods. We would inventory all arboreal individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 5 cm. We compared the treatments with each other in terms of species diversity, density of individuals, basal area and biomass and carbon stock. Basal area, species diversity, biomass and carbon differed between treatments. All active restoration treatments were similar to each other in terms of aerial (91.97 Mg.ha-1 to 152.56 Mg.ha-1) and root (16.71 Mg.ha-1 to 24.68 Mg. ha-1 ), except for passive restoration with lower biomass accumulation. The total average annual increase ranged from 7.70 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 to 4.75 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 , and the carbon sequestration rate was 3.39 Mg./ha- 1 /year-1 to 2.16 Mg.ha-1/year-1 in active restoration systems and only 0.94 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 of carbon for passive restoration. Species diversity played a marginal role in tree biomass stock, indicating that other factors should be explored. We conclude that actively restored treatments have contributed significantly to biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration over time in these restored forests.
Forests in the restoration process have great potential for productivity in terms of biomass and carbon stock, but the scarcity of adjusted equations for different systems and ages generates uncertainty in the estimates. Furthermore, it is not clear which variables contribute most to the biomass stock in these systems. With this work, we aim to analyze biomass and carbon estimates in a forest restoration system in the Atlantic Forest, with the aim of expanding knowledge of the main factors that affect these variables and also improving estimation methods by adjusting local equations for forests. restored around 23 years old. We also intend to verify whether different restoration treatments affect the accumulation of biomass and carbon over 23 years, and whether the effect can be attributed to their complexity and species diversity. The work was structured into three chapters. In chapter 1, we analyzed the state of the art of studies on biomass and carbon stocks above and below ground, in forests undergoing restoration in the Atlantic Forest biome, aiming to identify the main methods and variables that most affect the productivity of these systems. Our results showed that temperature, precipitation, age and altitude were the factors that best explained biomass accumulation in restoration sites. The works mostly used equations from the literature, while the adjustment of equations was carried out mainly for young forests, with less than 15 years of restoration. We found that the biomass stock in restored areas resembles that of native forests from 25 years onwards. In chapter 2, we adjust new allometric equations using the destructive method, and verify the error in biomass estimation when using general equations from the literature. To do this, we felled 60 trees of the 20 most abundant species (3 individuals per species), from a restoration system implemented 23 years ago. The total biomass of the trees felled was 18,499.26 kg, distributed between: leaves 3.8%, branches 38.5%, trunk/stem 34.9% and roots 22.9%. We compared the error when using the adjusted model and general equations and found no significant differences for most models. We conclude that our adjusted models provide reliable estimates of aboveground and root biomass, especially for more mature forests, due to the greater range of variation in the data set. In chapter 3, we evaluate a 23-year-old restoration project, with a randomized block design, with seven treatments and three replications in two study areas and with different types of soil. Our objective was to better understand the relationship between species diversity and biomass accumulation in forests restored by different restoration methods. We would inventory all arboreal individuals with DBH (diameter at breast height) ≥ 5 cm. We compared the treatments with each other in terms of species diversity, density of individuals, basal area and biomass and carbon stock. Basal area, species diversity, biomass and carbon differed between treatments. All active restoration treatments were similar to each other in terms of aerial (91.97 Mg.ha-1 to 152.56 Mg.ha-1) and root (16.71 Mg.ha-1 to 24.68 Mg. ha-1 ), except for passive restoration with lower biomass accumulation. The total average annual increase ranged from 7.70 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 to 4.75 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 , and the carbon sequestration rate was 3.39 Mg./ha- 1 /year-1 to 2.16 Mg.ha-1/year-1 in active restoration systems and only 0.94 Mg.ha-1 /year-1 of carbon for passive restoration. Species diversity played a marginal role in tree biomass stock, indicating that other factors should be explored. We conclude that actively restored treatments have contributed significantly to biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration over time in these restored forests.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Análise bibliométrica, Equações alométricas, Floresta tropical, Restauração florestal, Rerviços ecossistêmicos, Bibliometric analysis, Allometric equations, Tropical forest, Forest restoration, Ecosystem services
Como citar
MORES, G. J. Biomassa arbórea e carbono em áreas de restauração da Mata Atlântica. 2024. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, 2024.