Influência do treinamento para primeira ordenha no comportamento e desempenho de novilhas cruzadas Holandês x Gir
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2020-10-20
Autores
Chagas, Júlia Cocco das
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O treinamento novilhas primíparas antes do parto, realizado por meio de estímulos táteis, pode ser benéfico para o comportamento e produção nas primeiras ordenhas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento prévio ao parto no comportamento, na facilidade de ordenha e na produção de leite de novilhas leiteiras cruzadas Holandês (H) x Gir (G) recém-paridas. Foram utilizadas 84 novilhas de dois grupos genéticos (½H ½G , n=37 e ¾H ¼G , n=47), com idades variando entre 24 e 36 meses. O treinamento foi realizado com novilhas entre o 1º e 3º terço de gestação, sendo realizado em quatro etapas, durante cinco dias consecutivos, com objetivo de habituar as novilhas aos humanos e a certas rotinas de manejo. Ao final do treinamento, no sexto dia, foi realizada a avaliação das novilhas com atribuição da nota de treinamento. Após o parto, as novilhas foram levadas para a primeira ordenha, momento em que iniciaram as avaliações comportamentais, realizadas no 1º, 42º e 84º dia após o parto; e avaliações produtivas, durante as primeiras 12 semanas de lactação. As avaliações comportamentais dos animais foram realizadas atribuindo-se escore de reatividade durante a realização do pré-dipping e na colocação das teteiras. Além disso, foi realizada a avaliação qualitativa do comportamento (QBA). As avaliações de desempenho e eficiência da ordenha realizadas foram: fluxo de colostro por minuto, quantidade de colostro ordenhada antes e após a aplicação da ocitocina, quantidade total de colostro, porcentagem de descida do leite nos dois primeiros minutos de ordenha, fluxo médio de leite durante a ordenha, fluxo de leite no primeiro e segundo minutos de ordenha, produção média de leite da semana, produção de leite durante a primeira ordenha do dia e duração da ordenha. Para o QBA, foi aplicada uma análise dos componentes principais, revelando que, independentemente da realização do treinamento, as variações observadas com mais força após a ordenha foram as que corresponderam a Estados Negativos de bem-estar animal. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas aplicando-se modelos lineares generalizados em dois conjuntos de dados: no primeiro, com todas as novilhas, considerando os efeitos fixos de tratamentos (novilhas treinadas e não treinadas) e grupos genéticos; no segundo, apenas com as novilhas treinadas, foram considerados os efeitos fixos de grupo genético e terço gestacional durante a realização do treinamento. Os resultados mostraram o treinamento foi benéfico as novilhas, as quais apresentaram fluxo de colostro sem aplicação de ocitocina significativamente superior (p<0,05) entre as treinadas no terceiro terço gestacional. Na primeira semana de lactação, as novilhas treinadas tiveram uma média de produção significativamente (p<0,05) superior. A porcentagem de descida do leite nos dois primeiros minutos de ordenha e o fluxo médio de leite durante a ordenha mantiveram-se superiores no grupo treinado durante as 12 primeiras semanas de lactação. E mesmo entre os animais mais reativos durante a ordenha, a porcentagem de descida do leite nos dois primeiros minutos de ordenha foi significativamente (p<0,05) superior entre as novilhas treinadas. A realização do treinamento apresentou ser benéfica para a primeira ordenha de novilhas, aumentando o volume de colostro ejetado na primeira ordenha. Resultados ainda melhores podem ser encontrados quando o treinamento é realizado no último v terço gestacional. Após e durante a primeira ordenha, o treinamento não ilustrou alterações no comportamento dos animais. Durante os quatro primeiros meses de lactação, o treinamento exerceu influência positiva na produção de leite, observado pela ejeção e fluxo de leite durante a ordenha, superiores aos animais não treinados.
The training of primiparous heifers before calving, carried out by means of tactile stimuli, can be beneficial for behavior and production in the first milkings. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pre-calving training on behavior, milking ease and milk production of newly hatched Holstein (H) x Gir (G) crossbred heifers. 84 heifers from two genetic groups (½H ½G, n = 37 and ¾H ¼G, n = 47) were used, with ages varying between 24 and 36 months. The training was carried out with heifers between the 1st and 3rd third of gestation, being carried out in four stages, for five consecutive days, with the aim of accustoming the heifers to humans and to certain management routines. At the end of the training, on the sixth day, heifers were assessed with a training grade. After calving, the heifers were taken for the first milking, when they started the behavioral assessments, carried out on the 1st, 42nd and 84th day after calving; and productive evaluations, during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Behavioral assessments of animals were performed by assigning a reactivity score during the pre-dipping and placement of liners. In addition, a qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) was carried out. The evaluations of milking performance and efficiency were: colostrum flow per minute, amount of colostrum milked before and after the application of oxytocin, total amount of colostrum, percentage of milk flow in the first two minutes of milking, average milk flow during milking, milk flow in the first and second minutes of milking, average milk production of the week, milk production during the first milking of the day and duration of milking. For the QBA, an analysis of the main components was applied, revealing that, regardless of the training, the variations observed most strongly after milking were those that corresponded to Negative States of animal welfare. Statistical analyzes were performed using generalized linear models in two data sets: in the first, with all heifers, considering the fixed effects of treatments (trained and untrained heifers) and genetic groups; in the second, only with trained heifers, the fixed effects of the genetic group and gestational third during the training were considered. The results showed the training was beneficial to heifers, which showed a significantly higher flow of colostrum without oxytocin application (p<0.05) among those trained in the third gestational third. In the first week of lactation, trained heifers had a significantly higher average production (p<0.05). The percentage of milk drop in the first two minutes of milking and the average milk flow during milking remained higher in the trained group during the first 12 weeks of lactation. And even among the most reactive animals during milking, the percentage of milk drop in the first two minutes of milking was significantly (p <0.05) higher among trained heifers. The performance of training proved to be beneficial for the first milking of heifers, increasing the volume of colostrum ejected in the first milking. Even better results can be found when training is performed in the last gestational third. After and during the first milking, training did not show changes in the animals' behavior. During the first four months of lactation, training exerted a positive influence on milk production, observed by the ejection and flow of milk during milking, superior to untrained animals.
The training of primiparous heifers before calving, carried out by means of tactile stimuli, can be beneficial for behavior and production in the first milkings. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pre-calving training on behavior, milking ease and milk production of newly hatched Holstein (H) x Gir (G) crossbred heifers. 84 heifers from two genetic groups (½H ½G, n = 37 and ¾H ¼G, n = 47) were used, with ages varying between 24 and 36 months. The training was carried out with heifers between the 1st and 3rd third of gestation, being carried out in four stages, for five consecutive days, with the aim of accustoming the heifers to humans and to certain management routines. At the end of the training, on the sixth day, heifers were assessed with a training grade. After calving, the heifers were taken for the first milking, when they started the behavioral assessments, carried out on the 1st, 42nd and 84th day after calving; and productive evaluations, during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Behavioral assessments of animals were performed by assigning a reactivity score during the pre-dipping and placement of liners. In addition, a qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) was carried out. The evaluations of milking performance and efficiency were: colostrum flow per minute, amount of colostrum milked before and after the application of oxytocin, total amount of colostrum, percentage of milk flow in the first two minutes of milking, average milk flow during milking, milk flow in the first and second minutes of milking, average milk production of the week, milk production during the first milking of the day and duration of milking. For the QBA, an analysis of the main components was applied, revealing that, regardless of the training, the variations observed most strongly after milking were those that corresponded to Negative States of animal welfare. Statistical analyzes were performed using generalized linear models in two data sets: in the first, with all heifers, considering the fixed effects of treatments (trained and untrained heifers) and genetic groups; in the second, only with trained heifers, the fixed effects of the genetic group and gestational third during the training were considered. The results showed the training was beneficial to heifers, which showed a significantly higher flow of colostrum without oxytocin application (p<0.05) among those trained in the third gestational third. In the first week of lactation, trained heifers had a significantly higher average production (p<0.05). The percentage of milk drop in the first two minutes of milking and the average milk flow during milking remained higher in the trained group during the first 12 weeks of lactation. And even among the most reactive animals during milking, the percentage of milk drop in the first two minutes of milking was significantly (p <0.05) higher among trained heifers. The performance of training proved to be beneficial for the first milking of heifers, increasing the volume of colostrum ejected in the first milking. Even better results can be found when training is performed in the last gestational third. After and during the first milking, training did not show changes in the animals' behavior. During the first four months of lactation, training exerted a positive influence on milk production, observed by the ejection and flow of milk during milking, superior to untrained animals.
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Palavras-chave
Primeira ordenha, Comportamento, Novilhas, Produção de leite, Treinamento de novilhas, First milking, Milk production, Heifer training, Behavior, Heifers