Controlling quantum phases with step-like electric potentials in one-dimensional Hubbard systems

Quantum systems under electric potentials provide a powerful framework for uncovering and controlling novel quantum phases, especially in low-dimensional systems with strong correlations. In this work, we investigate quantum phase transitions induced by a step-like electric potential in a one-dimensional half-filled Hubbard chain. By analyzing i) tunneling energy and local doublon response, ii) charge and spin gaps, and iii) entanglement between the chain halves, we identify three distinct phases: Mott insulator, metal and band-like insulator. The metallic regime, characterized by the closing of both charge and spin gaps, is accompanied by a electric-potential dependence of kinetic energy and a quasi-periodic oscillatory behavior of local doublon response and entanglement. Although the metallic phase persists for different magnetizations, its extent in the phase diagram shrinks as spin polarization increases.Graphical abstract