Uses of biomolecules in development of formulations aiming sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agriculture seeks to minimize environmental impact and reduce dependence on toxic chemicals to control pests and diseases. Biomaterials of natural origin, such agricultural byproducts, can be used as raw materials to produce different biodegradable systems with low or no toxicity, being more sustainable products compared to synthetic ones, helping to reduce the carbon footprint of the agricultural industry. On the other hand, nanotechnology is being used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these new products and materials. Likewise, the development of biodegradable nanomaterials also contributes to sustainable agriculture by offering effective solutions, while avoiding environmental pollution and reducing the impact on human health. Within biodegradable nanomaterials, there is the use of biosurfactants, using polymers and natural active ingredients, which have unique characteristics and specific advantages in their application in agriculture. These systems tend to have good stability in different climatic conditions, which makes them ideal for use in agriculture. Biopolymers and natural active ingredients usually have similar performance to conventional chemicals, with reduced persistence in the field and with reduction in their environmental impacts. In addition, the use of natural components is able to improve soil structure and fertility, increasing water retention and nutrient availability for plants. In the same way, these systems can contribute to crop protection. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of nanometric formulations based on biopolymers, biosurfactants, and natural biopesticides for agricultural applications, and promote a critical analysis looking to future perspectives as well as the gaps and obstacles.