Biomethane as a Fuel for Energy Transition in South America: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives

Abstract

This review examines the current status of biomethane development in South America through a comprehensive comparative analysis of national legislation, scientific literature, and institutional data across all South American countries. The methodology consisted of a systematic review of technical and regulatory documents to assess the status of biomethane production, commercialization, and utilization throughout the region. The findings indicate that biomethane remains largely underdeveloped in most South American countries, primarily due to fragmented data, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of targeted public policies. Brazil emerges as a regional leader, backed by robust legal frameworks such as the RenovaBio program, the Future Fuel Law, and specific regulations governing landfill waste treatment and biomethane quality standards. In contrast, other countries hold considerable biogas potential but lack the regulatory frameworks and financial incentives required to expand biomethane production. The principal contribution of this study is its comprehensive assessment of biomethane development in South America, providing a country-level analysis alongside direct comparisons with global leaders in both production and policy. By mapping legislation, infrastructure conditions, and energy strategies across the continent, this study offers a strategic reference to support future research, investment, and policy development.