Interplay between the immune system and the microbiome of human skin and its modulation by antimicrobial peptides

The cutaneous immune system is essential for protecting the body against pathogens and regulating the skin's immune response, which can be further influenced by the skin's microbiome and also by exogenous bioactive compounds. As such, innovative approaches based on use of antimicrobial peptides and/or probiotics show a promising potential for restoring skin homeostasis and alleviating dermatological conditions. In this connection, herein we revise the immune functions of the skin, covering its structural and cellular components, interactions with the microbiome, and defense mechanisms as well as their modulation by antimicrobial peptides. We further address recent developments in this topic, providing an up-to-date perspective that paves the way for advancing both skin immunology knowledge and new therapeutic interventions for a healthy skin.