Distance Matters: Assessing the Influence of Spatial Separation on Reproductive Success of Costus spiralis (Costaceae) in a Vereda Palm Swamp

Many plant species depend on pollen flow to maximize reproduction and maintain genetic variability. Pollinators mediate this process, but distance between individuals can influence its benefits. Proximity may cause inbreeding depression, while extreme distances can mix locally adapted genotypes, leading to outbreeding depression and reduced fitness. Vereda palm swamps, shaped by the water table, are important habitats in the Cerrado, but they face anthropogenic changes that can affect reproduction, pollinators, and genetic diversity. This study examined how pollen dispersal distance influences the reproductive success of spiral ginger (Costus spiralis, Costaceae), a vereda self-compatible rhizomatous herb pollinated by hummingbirds. Hand pollinations were carried out between plants ranging from 10 to 2000 m distant, and the resulting fruit-set and seed quality traits were evaluated. Fruit set did not vary significantly with distance, with no hint of either inbreeding or outbreeding depression. Nevertheless, seeds resulting from shorter pollination distance (10 m) were heavier, while germination rates were up to five-fold higher at greater pollination distances than at shorter pollination distances. These distinct seed traits are possibly related to main hummingbird pollinators of C. spiralis, which show distinct foraging strategies. The results suggest that C. spiralis is adapted to various modes of pollen dispersal, ensuring reproduction via either territorial or traplining hummingbirds.