Mapeamento físico e estrutura molecular dos cromossomos B em espécies do gênero Characidium (Characiformes, Crenuchidae)
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2016-12-07
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Cromossomos B são componentes aparentemente dispensáveis encontrados nos genomas de inúmeras espécies, compostos basicamente de sequências repetitivas de DNA. Dentre uma variedade de questões a respeito destes elementos, a busca pelo conhecimento de sua origem tem sido amplamente estudada. Em peixes, a ocorrência destes cromossomos foi relatada em cerca de 60 espécies, incluindo espécies do gênero Characidium, no qual estes elementos aparentam não ter uma origem única. Com o objetivo de investigar a origem e conteúdo molecular dos cromossomos B em Characidium, nós analisamos duas espécies, Characidium gomesi e Characidium alipioi, portadoras de cromossomos B, utilizando a combinação de técnicas citogenéticas moleculares, análises de sequências e sequenciamento massivo. Nossos resultados mostraram que i) em ambas as espécies os Bs tiveram origem intraespecífica, no entanto, em C. alipioi se originaram de forma independente em relação aos Bs de outras duas espécies do gênero, assim, não compartilham os mesmos cromossomos ancestrais; ii) em C. gomesi as duas variantes compartilham DNA repetitivos, sendo cinco distribuídos nos cromossomos A, B e ZW, e um restrito aos cromossomos B e ZW, confirmando a origem dos Bs a partir dos cromossomos sexuais; iii) os supranumerários em C. alipioi provavelmente surgiram a partir do par de cromossomos autossômicos submetacêntrico 19; iv) Bs em C. alipioi se tornaram um cenário propício para acumulação de DNAs repetitivos após seu surgimento; e v) a histona H3 isolada dos cromossomos B e A de C. gomesi apresentou idêntica sequência de aminoácidos, e as taxas de dN/dS foram menores para aquelas provenientes do genoma B, sugerindo a ação de uma seleção positiva e possível transcrição das cópias no supranumerário. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância da integralização de abordagens cromossômicas e moleculares para compreender questões relacionadas à biologia evolutiva de cromossomos supranumerários, uma vez que, permitiram ampliar o conhecimento sobre a estrutura, composição e origem dos cromossomos B entre os representantes do gênero Characidium. Tais observações reforçam a proposição deste grupo de peixes como um modelo interessante de estudos sobre a origem e estrutura destes elementos genômicos, bem como das estratégias evolutivas apresentadas pelos cromossomos supranumerários nos peixes.
B chromosomes are apparently dispensable components found in the genomes of many species, mainly composed of repetitive DNA sequences. These elements have been reported in approximately 60 fish species, including the genus Characidium, in which these elements do not appear to have a single origin. In order to investigate the origin and molecular content of B chromosomes in Characidium, we analyzed two species bearing B chromosomes, Characidium gomesi and Characidium alipioi, using a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques, DNA sequence analysis and massive sequencing. Our results showed that i) the B chromosomes of both species had an intraspecific origin, but from different chromosomes; ii) the two B-variants of C. gomesi share the same repetitive DNA sequences, five distributed on the elements of the A set, and on B and ZW chromosomes, and one restricted to B and ZW chromosomes, reforcing its origin from the sex chromosomes; iii) the supernumerary in C. alipioi probably arose from the chromosomes of the submetacentric pair 19; iv) B chromosomes in C. alipioi became a conducive setting for repetitive DNAs accumulation after its emergence; v) the sequence of H3 histone gene isolated from the chromosomes of the A set and B chromosomes of C. gomesi presented identical aminoacid sequences and the rates of dN/dS were lower for those from the B genome, suggesting the action of a positive selection and possible transcription of the supernumerary copies. The results reveals the importance of multiple approaches of chromosomal and molecular methods to understand issues related to evolutionary biology of supernumerary chromosomes, once allowed to increase knowledge about the structure, composition and origin of B chromosomes in representatives of the genus Characidium. These observations reinforce the proposition of this fish group as an interesting model for studies on the origin and structure of these genomic elements and the evolutionary strategies presented by supernumerary chromosomes in fish.
B chromosomes are apparently dispensable components found in the genomes of many species, mainly composed of repetitive DNA sequences. These elements have been reported in approximately 60 fish species, including the genus Characidium, in which these elements do not appear to have a single origin. In order to investigate the origin and molecular content of B chromosomes in Characidium, we analyzed two species bearing B chromosomes, Characidium gomesi and Characidium alipioi, using a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques, DNA sequence analysis and massive sequencing. Our results showed that i) the B chromosomes of both species had an intraspecific origin, but from different chromosomes; ii) the two B-variants of C. gomesi share the same repetitive DNA sequences, five distributed on the elements of the A set, and on B and ZW chromosomes, and one restricted to B and ZW chromosomes, reforcing its origin from the sex chromosomes; iii) the supernumerary in C. alipioi probably arose from the chromosomes of the submetacentric pair 19; iv) B chromosomes in C. alipioi became a conducive setting for repetitive DNAs accumulation after its emergence; v) the sequence of H3 histone gene isolated from the chromosomes of the A set and B chromosomes of C. gomesi presented identical aminoacid sequences and the rates of dN/dS were lower for those from the B genome, suggesting the action of a positive selection and possible transcription of the supernumerary copies. The results reveals the importance of multiple approaches of chromosomal and molecular methods to understand issues related to evolutionary biology of supernumerary chromosomes, once allowed to increase knowledge about the structure, composition and origin of B chromosomes in representatives of the genus Characidium. These observations reinforce the proposition of this fish group as an interesting model for studies on the origin and structure of these genomic elements and the evolutionary strategies presented by supernumerary chromosomes in fish.
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Palavras-chave
Characidium, Conteúdo de DNA, Cromossomos B, Origem, Sequenciamento massivo