Efeito do exercício resistido progressivo intradialítico em pacientes em hemodiálise
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2017-07-17
Autores
Rosa, Clara Suemi da Costa [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Objetivos: a) revisar o efeito do exercício resistido realizado durante a sessão de hemodiálise por meio de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise, b) estimar a prevalência de sarcopenia por sexo e faixa etária em uma amostra de pacientes em hemodiálise por meio de diferentes critérios diagnósticos de massa muscular apendicular e força de preensão palmar (FPP) e analisar a concordância entre eles, e c) analisar o efeito de um protocolo de exercício resistido progressivo (ERP) contínuo intradialítico na composição corporal, função física e qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes em hemodiálise. Métodos: para isso foram conduzidos três estudos principais. a) Uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise de estudos controlados e randomizados utilizando o treinamento resistido versus grupo controle em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise foram realizadas. Foram pesquisadas cinco bases de dados eletrônicas (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro e The Cochrane Library) e o desfecho primário analisado foi a composição corporal e os desfechos secundários foram força muscular, capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida. As escala PEDro e GRADE avaliaram a análise de viés e qualidade das evidencias, respectivamente. b) No segundo estudo foi analisada a prevalência de sarcopenia em uma amostra de pacientes em hemodiálise, a partir de diferentes pontos de corte utilizados em estudos prévios. A sarcopenia foi diagnosticada a partir do baixo índice de massa magra apendicular e baixa FPP. A concordância entre os diferentes critérios de diagnóstico foi realizado por meio do índice de kappa (κ). c) E por último, no ensaio clínico o grupo exercício foi submetido a 12 semanas de um protocolo de ERP contínuo intradialítico, composto por 11 exercícios realizados em 2 séries de 15-20 repetições, enquanto que o grupo controle foi submetido a um protocolo de exercícios do tipo placebo. As variáveis analisadas foram a composição corporal avaliada por meio da absortometria por raio-X de dupla energia (DEXA), a capacidade física avaliada por meio da FPP, dos testes de sentar e levantar em 30 segundos (TSL) e de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) e da flexibilidade avaliada por meio do teste de sentar e alcançar, e a QV avaliada por meio do questionário Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) de pacientes em hemodiálise. Resultados: a) a revisão mostrou que o exercício resistido aumentou a massa magra dos membros inferiores (DPM=0,30; IC95%: 0,00-0,60, p=0,04), a força muscular (DPM=0,56; IC95%: 0,29-0,83, p<0,001), a distância caminhada (DM=22,71; IC95%: 5,46-39,96, p=0,010) e o score do componente físico da QV (DM=5,79; IC95%: 2,34-9,24, p=0.001), mas não aumentou a massa magra total, as repetições do TSL e o score do componente mental da QV em relação ao grupo controle. As escalas PEDro e GRADE indicaram grande parte de estudos com qualidade <7 pontos e baixa qualidade das evidencias, respectivamente. b) O estudo transversal indicou prevalência de sarcopenia de 13 a 36%, e a maior porção destes indivíduos se apresentou nas faixas etárias >60 anos (p<0,05). A análise de concordância entre os critérios analisados variou de κ=0,44 a κ=0,96 (p<0,001). c) O ensaio clínico indicou que 12 semanas de ERP intradialítico promoveram aumento da massa magra dos membros inferiores (p=0,04, effect size=0,56), do conteúdo mineral do ósseo (p=0,02, effect size=0,65), das repetições do TSL (p=0,01, effect size=0,66) e da flexibilidade (p<0,001, effect size=1,3) quando comparados ao grupo controle, mas não houve diferença entre os grupos para as outras variáveis da composição corporal, TC6M, FPP e QV. Conclusão: a) a meta-análise forneceu evidências de que o exercício resistido intradialítico aumentou a massa magra dos membros inferiores, a força muscular, e implicou em diferença clinicamente importante na capacidade de caminhada e componente físico da QV em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Não há evidências de que o treinamento tenha aumentado significativamente a massa corporal magra total, o TSL e o componente mental da QV. Contudo, a qualidade das evidencias é baixa. b) A prevalência de sarcopenia na amostra de pacientes em hemodiálise foi alta, principalmente nos mais idosos, e a concordância entre os diferentes critérios para diagnóstico da sarcopenia de modo geral variou de moderada a alta. c) 12 semanas de ERP realizados durante a hemodiálise foi eficaz no aumento da massa magra de membros inferiores e do conteúdo mineral ósseo total da composição corporal, no número de repetições do TSL e da flexibilidade, mas não melhorou outras variáveis da composição corporal, a FPP, os metros caminhados no TC6M e a QV.
Objectives: a) to review the effect of resistive training performed during the hemodialysis session through a systematic review and meta-analysis; b) to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia by sex and age in a sample of patients on hemodialysis using different cut-points and to analyze the agreement between them; and c) to analyze the effect of a progressive resistance training (PRT) protocol on body composition, physical function and quality of life (QoL) of patients on hemodialysis. Methods: Three main studies were conducted. a) A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials using resistance training versus control group in people with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis treatment were conducted. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and The Cochrane Library) were searched. The primary outcome was muscle mass and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength, functional capacity and QoL. The PEDro and GRADE scales evaluated the bias analysis and quality of the evidence, respectively. b) In the second study, the prevalence of sarcopenia in a sample of patients undergoing haemodialysis, using different cut-off points from previous studies was analyzed. Additionally the agreement between the cut-offs was performed by kappa index (κ). Sarcopenia was evaluated using appendicular lean mass index and handgrip strength (HGS). c) Finally, a randomized controlled clinical trial verified the effect of 12-week of an intradialytic PRT protocol on body composition assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in physical capacity assessed by HGS, sit-to-stand test (30-second) (STT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and in the QoL using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) from hemodialysis patients. Results: the meta-analysis showed that resistance exercise increase lower limb muscle mass (SMD=0.30, 95% CI:0.00-0.60, p=0.04), muscle strength (SMD=0.56, 95%CI: 0.29-0.83, p<0.001), walking distance (MD=22.71, 95%CI: 5.46-39.96, p=0.010) and physical component score of QOL (MD=5.79, 95%CI: 2.34-9.24, p=0.001), but do not increase total lean mass, repetitions on STT, and mental component score of QoL compared to control group. PEDro and GRADE scales indicated a large number of studies with quality <7 points and low quality of evidence, respectively. The sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 13 to 36%, prevalence was higher in individuals over 60 years old (p <0.05). The agreement analysis between criteria diagnosis for sarcopenia ranged from κ=0.44 to κ=0.96 (p<0.001). The clinical trial results indicated that 12 weeks of intradialytic PRT increased the lower limb muscle mass (p=0.04, effect size [ES]=0.56), bone mineral content (p=0.02, ES=0.65), repetitions of STT (p=0.01, ES=0.66), and flexibility (p<0.001, ES=1.3) when compared to the control group, but there was no difference between groups for the other variables of body composition, 6MWT, HGS and QOL. Conclusion: a) the meta-analysis provided evidence that intradialytic resistance training increased lower limb muscle mass, muscle strength, walking ability and physical component of QOL in patients with chronic kidney disease. There is no evidence that training significantly increased total lean body mass, STT, and mental component of QOL. However, the quality of the evidence is low. b) The prevalence of sarcopenia in a sample of patients on hemodialysis was high, especially in the elderly, and the agreement between the different criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in general varied from moderate to high. c) 12 weeks of PRT performed during hemodialysis was effective in increasing lean limb mass and total bone mineral content of body composition, STT repetitions and flexibility but did not improve other body composition variables, HGS, meters walked on the 6MWT and the QV.
Objectives: a) to review the effect of resistive training performed during the hemodialysis session through a systematic review and meta-analysis; b) to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia by sex and age in a sample of patients on hemodialysis using different cut-points and to analyze the agreement between them; and c) to analyze the effect of a progressive resistance training (PRT) protocol on body composition, physical function and quality of life (QoL) of patients on hemodialysis. Methods: Three main studies were conducted. a) A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials using resistance training versus control group in people with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis treatment were conducted. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro and The Cochrane Library) were searched. The primary outcome was muscle mass and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength, functional capacity and QoL. The PEDro and GRADE scales evaluated the bias analysis and quality of the evidence, respectively. b) In the second study, the prevalence of sarcopenia in a sample of patients undergoing haemodialysis, using different cut-off points from previous studies was analyzed. Additionally the agreement between the cut-offs was performed by kappa index (κ). Sarcopenia was evaluated using appendicular lean mass index and handgrip strength (HGS). c) Finally, a randomized controlled clinical trial verified the effect of 12-week of an intradialytic PRT protocol on body composition assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), in physical capacity assessed by HGS, sit-to-stand test (30-second) (STT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and sit-and-reach test (flexibility) and in the QoL using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) from hemodialysis patients. Results: the meta-analysis showed that resistance exercise increase lower limb muscle mass (SMD=0.30, 95% CI:0.00-0.60, p=0.04), muscle strength (SMD=0.56, 95%CI: 0.29-0.83, p<0.001), walking distance (MD=22.71, 95%CI: 5.46-39.96, p=0.010) and physical component score of QOL (MD=5.79, 95%CI: 2.34-9.24, p=0.001), but do not increase total lean mass, repetitions on STT, and mental component score of QoL compared to control group. PEDro and GRADE scales indicated a large number of studies with quality <7 points and low quality of evidence, respectively. The sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 13 to 36%, prevalence was higher in individuals over 60 years old (p <0.05). The agreement analysis between criteria diagnosis for sarcopenia ranged from κ=0.44 to κ=0.96 (p<0.001). The clinical trial results indicated that 12 weeks of intradialytic PRT increased the lower limb muscle mass (p=0.04, effect size [ES]=0.56), bone mineral content (p=0.02, ES=0.65), repetitions of STT (p=0.01, ES=0.66), and flexibility (p<0.001, ES=1.3) when compared to the control group, but there was no difference between groups for the other variables of body composition, 6MWT, HGS and QOL. Conclusion: a) the meta-analysis provided evidence that intradialytic resistance training increased lower limb muscle mass, muscle strength, walking ability and physical component of QOL in patients with chronic kidney disease. There is no evidence that training significantly increased total lean body mass, STT, and mental component of QOL. However, the quality of the evidence is low. b) The prevalence of sarcopenia in a sample of patients on hemodialysis was high, especially in the elderly, and the agreement between the different criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in general varied from moderate to high. c) 12 weeks of PRT performed during hemodialysis was effective in increasing lean limb mass and total bone mineral content of body composition, STT repetitions and flexibility but did not improve other body composition variables, HGS, meters walked on the 6MWT and the QV.
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Palavras-chave
Exercício, Sarcopenia, Diálise, Doença renal crônica, Exercise, Dialysis, Renal insufficiency