Consórcio do milho com capim-Xaraés, inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense, doses nitrogênio e efeito residual na soja
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Data
2018-03-05
Autores
Santini, José Mateus Kondo
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A agricultura tem evoluído nos últimos anos, entretanto, a pecuária continua com índices insatisfatórios. Considerando a conservação ambiental e a parte econômica, se tornam desejáveis sistemas altamente produtivos, com o uso e ocupação do solo em tempo permanente. Uma técnica que pode ser empregada é a integração lavoura-pecuária, possibilitando além da produção de fibras e grãos nas safras, a produção de forragem na época seca. Assim, o objetivo com esse trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade técnica e econômica do consórcio milho segunda safra e capim-xaraés, em duas épocas de semeadura, com ou sem inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura; bem como o estabelecimento da pastagem na entressafra, em sistema irrigado em região de Cerrado, e verificar a viabilidade do sistema com a cultura da soja, em sucessão do consórcio. O estudo foi conduzido em área experimental irrigada, no município de Selvíria – MS, com início em março de 2015, com duração de dois anos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x4, sendo: uso de Azospirillum brasilense (com e sem a inoculação); época e forma de semeadura do capim-Xaraés no consórcio (concomitantemente ao milho; ou em pós-emergência do milho); e doses de N em cobertura na cultura do milho (0; 50; 100 e 150 kg ha-1). As variáveis dependentes para as culturas graníferas foram os componentes agronômicos, componentes produtivos, produtividade de grãos e teores de nutrientes no tecido foliar das culturas; na pastagem foram avaliados os componentes bromatológicos, produtividade de massa seca da parte aérea e exportação de nutrientes; avaliou-se a viabilidade econômica do sistema e as melhorias na parte física do solo. No estudo não se verificou efeito da inoculação para as culturas do milho e capim-Xaraés. Já para a cultura da soja, a inoculação resultou na redução da produtividade de grãos. As épocas de inserção da forrageira no sistema influencia o capim-Xaraés, assim como os demais efeitos. A inserção da forrageira concomitantemente ao milho, proporciona maiores produtividades e maiores exportações de nutrientes via capim. Nas doses de N verificam-se efeitos na cultura do milho, mas não no capim capim-Xaraés e na soja. Diante dos resultados, recomenda-se a não inoculação de A. brasilense, com a forrageira inserida na linha, no momento da semeadura da cultura do milho em mistura com o adubo, e a aplicação de 100 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura.
Agriculture has evolved in recent years; however, livestock production continues to be unsatisfactory. Considering the environmental conservation and the economic part, highly productive systems becomes desirable, with the use and occupation of the soil in permanent time. One technique that can be employed is the use of crop-livestock integration, making possible the production of fibers and grains in the crops and the production of pasture in the dry season. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the technical and economic feasibility of corn, second crop, in consortium with xaraés palisadegrass, inoculated or not with Azospirillum brasilense and sidedressing nitrogen doses on corn; as well as the establishment of pasture in the dry season, in an irrigated system in the Cerrado region, and verify the viability of the system with the soybean crop, in succession of the consortium. The experiment was conducted in irrigated experimental area, in Selvíria county – MS, beginning in March of 2015, with a duration of two years. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications arranged in a 2x2x4, with the use of Azospirillum brasilense (with and without inoculation); sowing of the Xaraés palisadegrass in the consortium (concomitantly to corn, or in post-emergence of corn); and sidedressing N rates on corn (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1). The dependent variables for the grain crops were the agronomic components, productive components, grain yield and nutrient contents of the crops; in the pasture were evaluated the bromatological components, aerial dry mass productivity and nutrient export; the economic viability of the system and the improvements in the physical part of the soil were evaluated. In the study there was no effect of the inoculation for the corn and Xaraés palisadegrass crops, as for the soybean crop, inoculation resulted in the reduction of grain yield. The periods of insertion of the forage in the system results in the influence only for the Xaraés palisadegrass itself, not verifying other effects. The forage insertion concomitantly with corn provides higher yields and higher nutrient exports via grass. As for the N doses, there are effects onlyto corn crop. In view of the results, it is not recommended the inoculation of A. brasilense, with the fodder inserted in the line, at the time of sowing the maize crop in mixture with the fertilizer, and it is recommended the application of 100 kg ha-1 of N in the form of urea in coverage.
Agriculture has evolved in recent years; however, livestock production continues to be unsatisfactory. Considering the environmental conservation and the economic part, highly productive systems becomes desirable, with the use and occupation of the soil in permanent time. One technique that can be employed is the use of crop-livestock integration, making possible the production of fibers and grains in the crops and the production of pasture in the dry season. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the technical and economic feasibility of corn, second crop, in consortium with xaraés palisadegrass, inoculated or not with Azospirillum brasilense and sidedressing nitrogen doses on corn; as well as the establishment of pasture in the dry season, in an irrigated system in the Cerrado region, and verify the viability of the system with the soybean crop, in succession of the consortium. The experiment was conducted in irrigated experimental area, in Selvíria county – MS, beginning in March of 2015, with a duration of two years. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications arranged in a 2x2x4, with the use of Azospirillum brasilense (with and without inoculation); sowing of the Xaraés palisadegrass in the consortium (concomitantly to corn, or in post-emergence of corn); and sidedressing N rates on corn (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1). The dependent variables for the grain crops were the agronomic components, productive components, grain yield and nutrient contents of the crops; in the pasture were evaluated the bromatological components, aerial dry mass productivity and nutrient export; the economic viability of the system and the improvements in the physical part of the soil were evaluated. In the study there was no effect of the inoculation for the corn and Xaraés palisadegrass crops, as for the soybean crop, inoculation resulted in the reduction of grain yield. The periods of insertion of the forage in the system results in the influence only for the Xaraés palisadegrass itself, not verifying other effects. The forage insertion concomitantly with corn provides higher yields and higher nutrient exports via grass. As for the N doses, there are effects onlyto corn crop. In view of the results, it is not recommended the inoculation of A. brasilense, with the fodder inserted in the line, at the time of sowing the maize crop in mixture with the fertilizer, and it is recommended the application of 100 kg ha-1 of N in the form of urea in coverage.
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Palavras-chave
Agricultura consorciada, Eficiência agronômica, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Lavoura-pecuária, Sistemas integrados, Zea mays L., Consortium agriculture, Agronomic efficiency, Crop-livestock, Integrated systems