Percepção musical e cognição: abordagem de aspectos rítmicos no treinamento auditivo
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Data
2018-06-29
Autores
Lima, Letícia Dias de [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar as relações entre a percepção do ritmo musical e os métodos de treinamento auditivo utilizados na graduação em música das universidades estaduais de São Paulo. A ferramenta principal desta pesquisa são teorias e experimentos na área da cognição musical. Este é um campo que investiga as formas de aquisição, processamento e organização de informações; ou seja, atividades cognitivas relacionadas ao conhecimento. Abordamos, sob este ponto de vista, aspectos da percepção rítmica, do desenvolvimento cognitivo e do ensino e aprendizado da música. Primeiramente, são discutidos os conceitos de pulsação, acento, metro, ritmo e agrupamento, e os processos perceptivos neles envolvidos. Contextualizamos estas questões ao discorrer sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo e aspectos do aprendizado e da memória. Por fim, buscamos compreender como a percepção rítmica é trabalhada pelos métodos utilizados na disciplina de Percepção Musical nas universidades mencionadas. As avaliações realizadas mostram que os métodos selecionados não trabalham a percepção rítmica diretamente, pois não levam o aluno a desenvolver os processos perceptivos da forma como eles ocorrem na escuta e prática interpretativa real da música. Eles se encaixam em um modelo mecanicista de ensino, em que o aprendizado consiste em treino e prática repetida de exercícios cujo foco é a emissão – em oposição à percepção – musical. A falta de aprofundamentos teóricos, da discussão de conceitos, da contextualização musical, e da abordagem de questões estilísticas e organológicas ligadas à interpretação nos faz concluir que estes métodos apenas complementam a disciplina; sua função é fornecer materiais para um treinamento auditivo, baseado especialmente no solfejo de padrões rítmicos.
This work aims to investigate relations between the perception of musical rhythm and the ear training methods used in higher education in the state universities of São Paulo. The main tool of this research are the theories and experiments in the field of music cognition. This field investigates the ways of acquiring, processing and organizing information; that is, cognitive activities related to knowledge. From this point of view, we approach some aspects of rhythm perception, cognitive development and music teaching and learning. First, we discuss the concepts of beat, accent, meter, rhythm and grouping, and the perceptual processes involved in it. We contextualize these issues by discussing the cognitive development and aspects of learning and memory. Finally, we seek to understand how the methods used in the discipline of Music Perception in the mentioned universities deal with rhythm perception. The evaluations show that the selected methods do not deal with rhythm perception directly, since they do not lead the student to develop the perceptual processes in the way they occur in real musical listening and performance. They fit into a mechanistic model of teaching, in which learning consists of training and repeated practice of exercises, whose focus is musical production – as opposed to perception. The lack of theoretical insights, discussion of concepts, musical contextualization, and approach to stylistic and organological issues related to performance leads us to conclude that these methods only complement the discipline; its function is to provide materials for ear training, based especially on the performance of rhythmic patterns.
This work aims to investigate relations between the perception of musical rhythm and the ear training methods used in higher education in the state universities of São Paulo. The main tool of this research are the theories and experiments in the field of music cognition. This field investigates the ways of acquiring, processing and organizing information; that is, cognitive activities related to knowledge. From this point of view, we approach some aspects of rhythm perception, cognitive development and music teaching and learning. First, we discuss the concepts of beat, accent, meter, rhythm and grouping, and the perceptual processes involved in it. We contextualize these issues by discussing the cognitive development and aspects of learning and memory. Finally, we seek to understand how the methods used in the discipline of Music Perception in the mentioned universities deal with rhythm perception. The evaluations show that the selected methods do not deal with rhythm perception directly, since they do not lead the student to develop the perceptual processes in the way they occur in real musical listening and performance. They fit into a mechanistic model of teaching, in which learning consists of training and repeated practice of exercises, whose focus is musical production – as opposed to perception. The lack of theoretical insights, discussion of concepts, musical contextualization, and approach to stylistic and organological issues related to performance leads us to conclude that these methods only complement the discipline; its function is to provide materials for ear training, based especially on the performance of rhythmic patterns.
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Palavras-chave
Percepção musical, Cognição, Ritmo, Treinamento auditivo, Cognition, Rhythm, Ear training, Music perception