Percepção visual dos indivíduos com ou sem deficiência de visão de cores em mapas de fluxo de veículos estáticos e dinâmicos
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Data
2018-03-02
Autores
Amorim, Fabrício Rosa [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Os mapas de fluxo representam a intensidade e a direção de um fenômeno no espaço. Variações na espessura de linhas, diferentes padrões de setas para transmitir direção, bem como diferentes cores (ordenadas ou não) podem ser utilizadas em sua composição. No entanto, algumas variações de matiz, brilho e saturação podem não ser adequadas a usuários com Deficiência na Visão de Cores (DVC), popularmente conhecidos como ‘daltônicos’. Com alguns cuidados, é possível utilizar cores acessíveis aos daltônicos e às pessoas com Visão Normal de Cores (VNC) em um único projeto de mapas. Ainda, o fenômeno de fluxo é dinâmico e possui a característica de deslocamento ao longo de trajetórias. Logo, as variáveis visuais dinâmicas também podem ser empregadas (ex.: para indicar a direção do fluxo). Até o momento, ainda são desconhecidas pesquisas acerca do projeto e avaliação da variável visual cor (valor) juntamente com variáveis dinâmicas em mapas lidos por pessoas daltônicas ou não. Para tanto, este trabalho visa avaliar a usabilidade (eficácia, eficiência e nível de satisfação) e a carga mental de trabalho subjetiva global (técnica NASA-RTLX) de mapas de fluxo de veículos estáticos e dinâmicos com cores ordenadas, os quais são percebidos por pessoas com VNC e pessoas com DVC. Oito mapas estáticos de fluxo de veículos foram produzidos, esses mapas posteriormente receberam recursos para torna-los dinâmicos. Em um experimento, pessoas com VNC e pessoas com DVC selecionaram rotas entre símbolos de origem e destino nos mapas produzidos, bem como desenharam essas rotas em mapas de papel. Uma área na cidade de Presidente-Prudente (escala 1:5000) apoiou o projeto dos mapas, exibidos em um tablet de 7”. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que as pessoas com VNC e DVC obtiveram taxa de acertos (eficácia) semelhante para os mapas estáticos e dinâmicos. Conclui-se que as cores utilizadas nos mapas foram legíveis aos diferentes tipos de visão de cores. No entanto, as pessoas com VNC selecionaram as rotas mais rapidamente (mais eficientes) em comparação àquelas com DVC. Ainda, as pessoas com VNC foram mais rápidas quando fizeram uso de mapas dinâmicos, já as pessoas com DVC foram mais rápidas com os mapas estáticos. As pessoas com VNC também apresentaram maior carga cognitiva para o uso de mapas estáticos, enquanto as pessoas com DVC apresentaram maior carga cognitiva no uso de mapas dinâmicos. Contudo, os mapas dinâmicos apresentaram maior nível de satisfação por ambos os grupos de visão de cores. Recomenda-se o estudo de diferentes variações de símbolos estáticos e dinâmicos, além de outras cores, para representar o fluxo de veículos. Sobretudo, para as pessoas daltônicas.
Flow maps represent the intensity and direction of a phenomenon in space. Variations in the thickness of lines, different patterns of arrows to convey direction, as well as distinct colors (ordered or not) can be used in their composition. However, some variations in hue, brightness, and saturation may not be appropriate for users with Color Vision Deficiency (CVD), popularly known as 'color blind'. With some care, it is possible to use colors accessible to color blind people and people with Normal Color Vision (NCV) in a single map project. Still, the flow phenomenon is dynamic and has the characteristic of displacement along trajectories. Therefore, dynamic visual variables can also be used (eg. to indicate the direction of flow). To date, research on the design and evaluation of the visual color variable (value) is still unknown along with dynamic variables on maps read by people who are blind or not. In order to do so, this work aims to evaluate the usability of static and dynamic vehicle flow maps with ordered colors, which are perceived by people with NCV and people with CVD. Eight static vehicle flow maps were produced, these maps were subsequently given the resources to make them dynamic. In one experiment, people with NCV and people with CVD selected routes between source and destination symbols on the maps produced, as well as designed these routes on paper maps. An area in the city of Presidente-Prudente (1: 5000 scale) supported the design of the maps, displayed on a 7 "tablet. The usability (efficacy, efficiency and level of satisfaction) and the global subjective mental load (NASA-RTLX technique) of these maps were evaluated. People with NCV and CVD obtained similar hit rates (efficacy) for the static and dynamic maps in the experiment. However, people with NCV have selected routes faster (more efficient) compared to those with CVD. Still, people with NCV were faster when using dynamic maps, since people with CVD were faster with static maps. People with NCV also had a higher cognitive load for the use of static maps, while people with CVD had a higher cognitive load in the use of dynamic maps. However, the dynamic maps presented higher levels of satisfaction by both groups of color vision. It is concluded that the colors used in the maps were readable to the distinct types of color vision. It is recommended to study different variations of static and dynamic symbols, in addition to other colors, to represent the flow of vehicles. Especially for colorblind people.
Flow maps represent the intensity and direction of a phenomenon in space. Variations in the thickness of lines, different patterns of arrows to convey direction, as well as distinct colors (ordered or not) can be used in their composition. However, some variations in hue, brightness, and saturation may not be appropriate for users with Color Vision Deficiency (CVD), popularly known as 'color blind'. With some care, it is possible to use colors accessible to color blind people and people with Normal Color Vision (NCV) in a single map project. Still, the flow phenomenon is dynamic and has the characteristic of displacement along trajectories. Therefore, dynamic visual variables can also be used (eg. to indicate the direction of flow). To date, research on the design and evaluation of the visual color variable (value) is still unknown along with dynamic variables on maps read by people who are blind or not. In order to do so, this work aims to evaluate the usability of static and dynamic vehicle flow maps with ordered colors, which are perceived by people with NCV and people with CVD. Eight static vehicle flow maps were produced, these maps were subsequently given the resources to make them dynamic. In one experiment, people with NCV and people with CVD selected routes between source and destination symbols on the maps produced, as well as designed these routes on paper maps. An area in the city of Presidente-Prudente (1: 5000 scale) supported the design of the maps, displayed on a 7 "tablet. The usability (efficacy, efficiency and level of satisfaction) and the global subjective mental load (NASA-RTLX technique) of these maps were evaluated. People with NCV and CVD obtained similar hit rates (efficacy) for the static and dynamic maps in the experiment. However, people with NCV have selected routes faster (more efficient) compared to those with CVD. Still, people with NCV were faster when using dynamic maps, since people with CVD were faster with static maps. People with NCV also had a higher cognitive load for the use of static maps, while people with CVD had a higher cognitive load in the use of dynamic maps. However, the dynamic maps presented higher levels of satisfaction by both groups of color vision. It is concluded that the colors used in the maps were readable to the distinct types of color vision. It is recommended to study different variations of static and dynamic symbols, in addition to other colors, to represent the flow of vehicles. Especially for colorblind people.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Usabilidade, Daltonismo, Mapas de fluxo de veículos, Percepção visual, Símbolos estáticos e dinâmicos, Vehicle flow maps, Static and dynamic symbols, Daltons, Usability