Extração e biotransformação de flavonoides a partir de resíduo de indústria cítrica
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Data
2019-01-28
Autores
Andrade, Lidiane Patricia de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O Brasil foi considerado o maior produtor mundial de laranja, no qual a maior parte desta produção foi destinada para a produção de suco, classificando-o como maior produtor e exportador da bebida. Porém associado a alta produção de suco está o grande volume de resíduos orgânicos gerados que traz à indústria a preocupação com o aproveitamento e/ou descarte desse material. Atualmente grande parte dos resíduos é descartada em aterros e apenas uma parte é reaproveitada para ração animal e extração de pectina. Nesses resíduos descartados podem ser encontrados compostos de alto valor agregado, entre eles uma diversidade de compostos fenólicos, com destaque para os flavonoides. Bioquimicamente, esses fitoquímicos ocupam um papel significativo na dieta humana, pois são reconhecidos por apresentarem atividades biológicas como excelente capacidade antioxidante, atividade anticarcinogênica, anti-inflamatória, etc. Diante do exposto, o projeto teve como objetivo principal a valorização dos resíduos gerados pela indústria citrícola, visando sua biotransformação em produtos com valor agregado. Para que tal mudança de paradigma seja possível, esse projeto propôs a extração de flavonoides de resíduos do processamento de suco de laranja com foco nas flavanonas, naringina, hesperidina e naringenina. Na primeira etapa do projeto, foram realizadas extrações para obter um melhor método de extração de flavonoides e os resultados apresentados demonstram que a extração utilizando o tratamento trituração água apresentou melhor rendimento (0,26g/L) para flavanonas totais considerando o resíduo casca, para o resíduo “frit”, o tratamento alcoólico apresentou maiores rendimentos 26% maior comparado ao tratamento água. Nas analises realizadas em Cromatográfia Liquida de Alta Eficiencia (CLAE), considerando a somatória do rendimento dos compostos de interesse para a hidrólise (naringina, narirutina e hesperidina), o tratamento alcoólico apresentou o maior rendimento 1,02 g/L, seguido do tratamento Trituração água com rendimento de 0,25 g/L e o tratamento prensagem que apresentou um rendimento de 0,19 g/L. A partir desse resultado, esses tratamentos foram usados para o processo de biotransformação pela enzima naringinase, onde conseguimos demonstrar que após a hidrólise houve a liberação de flavanonas não glicosiladas, naringenina e heperetina que contribuíram significativamente para o aumento da capacidade antioxidante, com um aumento de 8% para o tratamento trituração água e 19% para a prensagem considerando o resido casca e 1% e 16% para o resíduo “frit” respectivamente. Dessa forma podemos concluir que os métodos de extração além de influenciarem na eficiência de extração das flavanonas, também interferem na conversão enzimática das formas glicosiladas para as formas não glicosiladas e que a escolha do método de extração deve levar em consideração o produto pretendido e a viabilidade técnica e econômica.
Brazil was considered the world's largest orange producer, in which most of this production was destined for juice production, ranking it as the largest producer and exporter of the beverage. However associated to the high production of juice is the large volume of organic waste generated that brings to the industry the concern with the use and / or disposal of this material. Currently much of the waste is discarded in landfills and only part is reused for animal feed and pectin extraction. In these discarded residues can be found compounds of high added value, among them a diversity of phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoids. Biochemically, these phytochemicals play a significant role in the human diet, as they are recognized for their biological activities as excellent antioxidant capacity, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory activity, etc. In view of the above, the main objective of the project was the valorization of the waste generated by the citrus industry, aiming at its biotransformation in products with added value. In order to make such a paradigm shift possible, this project proposed the extraction of flavonoids from processing residues of orange juice with focus on flavanones, naringin, hesperidin and naringenin. In the first stage of the project, extractions were carried out to obtain a better flavonoid extraction method and the results showed that the extraction using the water grinding treatment presented a better yield (0.26 g / L) for total flavanones considering the shell residue, for the “frit” residue (bark fragment) presented higher yields 26% higher compared to the water treatment, however, ethanol acted as an inhibitor of the naringinase enzyme. In the analyzes performed in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), considering the sum of the yield of the compounds of interest for the hydrolysis (naringin, narirutine and hesperidin), the alcohol treatment had the highest yield 1.02 g / L, followed by the treatment Water grinding at 0.25 g / L yield and the press treatment yielded a yield of 0.19 g / L. From this result, these treatments were used for the biotransformation process by the enzyme naringinase, where we were able to demonstrate that after the hydrolysis there was the release of non-glycosylated flavanones, naringenin and heperetin that contributed significantly to the increase of the antioxidant capacity, with an increase of 8% for the treatment crushing water and 19% for the pressing considering the residues peel and 1% and 16% for the “frit” residue (shell fragment) respectively. In this way we can conclude that the extraction methods besides influencing the extraction efficiency of flavanones also interfere in the enzymatic conversion of the glycosylated forms to the non-glycosylated forms and that the choice of the extraction method must take into account the desired product and the viability technical and economic.
Brazil was considered the world's largest orange producer, in which most of this production was destined for juice production, ranking it as the largest producer and exporter of the beverage. However associated to the high production of juice is the large volume of organic waste generated that brings to the industry the concern with the use and / or disposal of this material. Currently much of the waste is discarded in landfills and only part is reused for animal feed and pectin extraction. In these discarded residues can be found compounds of high added value, among them a diversity of phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoids. Biochemically, these phytochemicals play a significant role in the human diet, as they are recognized for their biological activities as excellent antioxidant capacity, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory activity, etc. In view of the above, the main objective of the project was the valorization of the waste generated by the citrus industry, aiming at its biotransformation in products with added value. In order to make such a paradigm shift possible, this project proposed the extraction of flavonoids from processing residues of orange juice with focus on flavanones, naringin, hesperidin and naringenin. In the first stage of the project, extractions were carried out to obtain a better flavonoid extraction method and the results showed that the extraction using the water grinding treatment presented a better yield (0.26 g / L) for total flavanones considering the shell residue, for the “frit” residue (bark fragment) presented higher yields 26% higher compared to the water treatment, however, ethanol acted as an inhibitor of the naringinase enzyme. In the analyzes performed in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), considering the sum of the yield of the compounds of interest for the hydrolysis (naringin, narirutine and hesperidin), the alcohol treatment had the highest yield 1.02 g / L, followed by the treatment Water grinding at 0.25 g / L yield and the press treatment yielded a yield of 0.19 g / L. From this result, these treatments were used for the biotransformation process by the enzyme naringinase, where we were able to demonstrate that after the hydrolysis there was the release of non-glycosylated flavanones, naringenin and heperetin that contributed significantly to the increase of the antioxidant capacity, with an increase of 8% for the treatment crushing water and 19% for the pressing considering the residues peel and 1% and 16% for the “frit” residue (shell fragment) respectively. In this way we can conclude that the extraction methods besides influencing the extraction efficiency of flavanones also interfere in the enzymatic conversion of the glycosylated forms to the non-glycosylated forms and that the choice of the extraction method must take into account the desired product and the viability technical and economic.
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Palavras-chave
Flavanonas, Hidrólise enzimática, Atividade antioxidante, Resíduos., Flavanones, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Antioxidant activity, Residues