How does the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla use a landscape featuring high human disturbance and free-ranging dogs?
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2020-07-02
Autores
Gouvea, Jéssica Abonizio
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) é uma espécie vulnerável à extinção globalmente e em diversas escalas regionais, incluindo o estado de São Paulo. Essa espécie é dependente de condições ambientais e recursos favoráveis à sua termorregulação, como áreas com alta disponibilidade de água e com fragmentos florestais. Além disso, o tamanduá-bandeira é um especialista mirmecófago que possui baixa taxa metabólica basal, sendo assim uma espécie lenta e vulnerável à caça, atropelamentos e confronto com cães. Este trabalho teve como objetivos 1) entender como as características ambientais influenciam o uso da paisagem pelo tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla); 2) avaliar se há sobreposição espacial entre tamanduá-bandeira e cães domésticos e 3) avaliar o padrão de atividade diária do tamanduá bandeira levando em consideração a temperatura do ambiente, a proximidade com áreas de maior densidade humana e a presença de cães. Para isso, realizamos a análise dos dados de armadilhas fotográficas e registradores de temperatura instalados no Parque Estadual Furnas do Bom Jesus e seu entorno, situados no norte do estado de São Paulo. Os registros compuseram matrizes de detecção/não-detecção para tamanduá-bandeira e cães. Covariáveis relacionadas aos tipos vegetacionais e de uso antrópico foram avaliadas em modelos de ocupação estação única/espécie-única e em modelos de ocupação com probabilidade de detecção heterogênea (modelos RN). Para avaliar o padrão de atividade utilizamos o estimador de densidade von Mises kernel para dados circulares e para avaliar a sobreposição nos padrões de atividade utilizamos o coeficiente de sobreposição de densidade. Encontramos relação positiva entre o uso da paisagem pelo tamanduá-bandeira e a proximidade com a Unidade de Conservação, áreas nativas abertas, estradas não pavimentadas e frequência de cães. O uso da paisagem por cães foi influenciado positivamente pela área urbana e abundância realtiva de presas. As predições de uso da paisagem pelas duas espécies sobrepuseram espacialmente. Em relação ao padrão de atividade, o tamanduá-bandeira dispôs padrão crepuscular-noturno e nos horários de temperatura amena. Durante a estação fria a espécie teve atividade predominantemente noturna próximo às construções e estradas não-pavimentadas e crepuscular longe delas. A espécie também apresentou considerável segregação de atividade com o cachorro doméstico, o qual teve atividade predominantemente diurna. Esse trabalho abre caminhos para o entendimento de como o tamanduá-bandeira ocupa as áreas antropizadas visto a presença da espécie nessas áreas.
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a mammal vulnerable to global- and regional scale extinction, including within São Paulo State, Brazil. This species depends on areas with high water availability, forest patches, and favorable environmental conditions and resources for thermoregulation. Moreover, the giant anteater is a myrmecophagous specialist with a low basal metabolic rate and is therefore slow and vulnerable to hunters, vehicle collisions and dog attacks. The objectives of this work are 1) to understand how environmental characteristics influence landscape use by the giant anteater; 2) to evaluate whether there is spatial overlap between giant anteaters and dogs; and 3) to evaluate the giant anteater activity pattern, considering environmental temperature, proximity to areas of high human density, and the presence of dogs. For these purposes, we used camera traps and temperature data loggers, which were installed in Furnas do Bom Jesus State Park and its surroundings, located in northern São Paulo State, Brazil. The records comprised detection/nondetection data of giant anteaters and dogs. Covariates related to vegetation type and anthropogenic use were evaluated in single species/single-season occupancy models and in occupancy models with heterogeneous detection probability (RN models). To evaluate activity pattern, we used von Mises kernel density estimation for circular data. To evaluate the overlap in giant anteater and dog activity patterns, we used the density overlap coefficient. We found a positive correlation between the giant anteater’s landscape use and its proximity to Protected Areas, open native vegetation, unpaved roads and the frequency of dogs. Landscape use by dogs was influenced positively by urban area and prey relative abundance. The landscape-use predictions for both species presented evidence of spatial overlap. The giant anteater had crepuscular-nocturnal activity and was most active in mild temperatures, between 18ºC and 28ºC. During the cold season, the species’ predominantly nocturnal activity occurred near buildings and unpaved roads, while its crepuscular activity occurred far from them. The species also showed a high degree of segregation from dogs, whose activity was predominantly diurnal. This work creates avenues for understanding how the giant anteater occupies the anthropized areas since the presence of this species in these areas.
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is a mammal vulnerable to global- and regional scale extinction, including within São Paulo State, Brazil. This species depends on areas with high water availability, forest patches, and favorable environmental conditions and resources for thermoregulation. Moreover, the giant anteater is a myrmecophagous specialist with a low basal metabolic rate and is therefore slow and vulnerable to hunters, vehicle collisions and dog attacks. The objectives of this work are 1) to understand how environmental characteristics influence landscape use by the giant anteater; 2) to evaluate whether there is spatial overlap between giant anteaters and dogs; and 3) to evaluate the giant anteater activity pattern, considering environmental temperature, proximity to areas of high human density, and the presence of dogs. For these purposes, we used camera traps and temperature data loggers, which were installed in Furnas do Bom Jesus State Park and its surroundings, located in northern São Paulo State, Brazil. The records comprised detection/nondetection data of giant anteaters and dogs. Covariates related to vegetation type and anthropogenic use were evaluated in single species/single-season occupancy models and in occupancy models with heterogeneous detection probability (RN models). To evaluate activity pattern, we used von Mises kernel density estimation for circular data. To evaluate the overlap in giant anteater and dog activity patterns, we used the density overlap coefficient. We found a positive correlation between the giant anteater’s landscape use and its proximity to Protected Areas, open native vegetation, unpaved roads and the frequency of dogs. Landscape use by dogs was influenced positively by urban area and prey relative abundance. The landscape-use predictions for both species presented evidence of spatial overlap. The giant anteater had crepuscular-nocturnal activity and was most active in mild temperatures, between 18ºC and 28ºC. During the cold season, the species’ predominantly nocturnal activity occurred near buildings and unpaved roads, while its crepuscular activity occurred far from them. The species also showed a high degree of segregation from dogs, whose activity was predominantly diurnal. This work creates avenues for understanding how the giant anteater occupies the anthropized areas since the presence of this species in these areas.
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Espécie exótica, Distúrbios antrópicos, Cerrado, Unidade de conservação, Alien species, Anthropogenic disturbance, Protected area