Desempenho de genótipos de Coffea arabica L. Cultivados sob influência do ecossistema do Vale do Jamari, Rondônia
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2020-08-13
Autores
Castro, Gisele Renata de
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A cafeicultura é uma das atividades que mais tem contribuído para a sustentabilidade da atividade agrícola no Brasil, nas dimensões ambiental, econômica e social. Essa atividade gera e distribui renda para aproximadamente 30 mil produtores rondonienses, principalmente da agricultura familiar, que alcança em média 80-85 % de toda a produção. Com a busca de opções que ultrapassem as fronteiras agrícolas, é importante o desenvolvimento de cultivares de café arábica adaptados às condições edafoclimáticas de regiões quentes como o estado de Rondônia, que poderá melhorar a geração de renda, oportunizando os agricultores familiares a diversificação de seus produtos. O ensaio foi instalado em novembro de 2012 no campo experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia (IFRO) Campus Ariquemes, pertencente ao Vale do Jamari, região amazônica, e possui solo tipo Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo com textura argilosa, clima tropical úmido com estação seca bem definida entre junho e setembro. O experimento foi composto por 25 progênies da espécie Coffea arabica L. com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições de oito plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados, em 2015 e 2016, a produtividade, o rendimento e o ciclo de maturação das plantas jovens (duas primeiras colheitas), e o desempenho morfológico e nutricional das plantas adultas (72 meses) e a produtividade da quinta colheita (2019). Na safra de 2015 a produtividade média do café beneficiado foi menor que a safra de 2016 (239,15 kg/ha < 345,73 kg/ha). A progênie UFV 8710, em 2015, teve produtividade média de 542,48 kg/ha e a Catucai Amarelo, 622,16 kg/ha em 2016.A média do rendimento de grãos, em 2015, foi superior ao rendimento de 2016 (12,85% > 12,33%); a média geral dos tratamentos foi 12,58%. Na avaliação da safra de 2019, a progênie H419-10-6-2-3-21 foi o tratamento que se destacou quanto a produtividade (1.580,33 kg/ha) e rendimento industrial (21,20%). H514-7-10-6-29, H514-7-10-6-25, H514-7-10-6-9 e Catucai Amarelo 2SL apresentaram todas as características morfológicas acima da média, aos 72 meses. A característica morfológica que apresentou correlação com a produtividade foi o vigor vegetativo, altura da planta e comprimento do quarto par de folhas. A concentração de N, P e S nas folhas de cafeeiro aos 72 meses foram normais, enquanto que K, Ca e Mg abaixo da faixa crítica.
Coffee farming is one of the activities that have most contributed to the sustainability of agriculture in Brazil, considering environmental, economic, and social dimensions. This agricultural activity generates income to approximately 30,000 producers in the state of Rondonia, Brazil. These producers are mainly family farmers, which are responsible for 80% to 85% of all coffee produced in the state. In the context of searching for alternatives beyond the agricultural frontier, the development of arabica coffee cultivars adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions of hot regions such as the state of Rondonia is important; it can improve income generation and enable the diversification of products of family farmers. An experiment was implemented in November 2012 at the experimental field of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rondonia (IFRO), Ariquemes Campus, Jamari River Valley, Amazon region of Brazil. The soil of the area was classified as a Typic Hapludox (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo) of clayey texture. The region presents a tropical humid climate with a well-defined dry season from June to September. Twenty-five Coffea arabica genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications and eight plants per plot. The coffee plants were evaluated for production, bean yield, and maturation cycle of young plants (first two harvests; 2015 and 2016); morphological and nutritional performance of adult plants (after 72 months); and bean yield of the fifth harvest (2019). The mean yield of processed coffee beans in 2015 (239.15 kg ha-1) was lower than that in 2016 (345.73 kg ha-1). The genotype UFV-8710 had mean bean yield of 542.48 kg ha-1 in 2015, and the genotype Catucai-Amarelo had mean yield of 622.16 kg ha-1 in 2016.The mean coffee bean yield in 2015 (12.85%) was higher than that in 2016 (12.33%); the overall mean of the treatments was 12.58%. The genotype H419-10-6-2-3-21 had the highest bean yield (1,580.33 kg ha-1) and industrial yield (21.20%) in the fifth harvest (2019). The genotypes H514-7-10-6-29, H514-7-10-6-25, H514-7-10-6-9, and Catucai-Amarelo-2SL presented above average results for all morphological characteristics at 72 months. The morphological characteristics with higher correlation to bean yield were: vegetative vigor, plant height, and fourth leaf pair length. N, P, and S concentrations in the coffee leaves at 72 months were normal, whereas K, Ca, and Mg presented concentrations below the critical range.
Coffee farming is one of the activities that have most contributed to the sustainability of agriculture in Brazil, considering environmental, economic, and social dimensions. This agricultural activity generates income to approximately 30,000 producers in the state of Rondonia, Brazil. These producers are mainly family farmers, which are responsible for 80% to 85% of all coffee produced in the state. In the context of searching for alternatives beyond the agricultural frontier, the development of arabica coffee cultivars adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions of hot regions such as the state of Rondonia is important; it can improve income generation and enable the diversification of products of family farmers. An experiment was implemented in November 2012 at the experimental field of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rondonia (IFRO), Ariquemes Campus, Jamari River Valley, Amazon region of Brazil. The soil of the area was classified as a Typic Hapludox (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo) of clayey texture. The region presents a tropical humid climate with a well-defined dry season from June to September. Twenty-five Coffea arabica genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications and eight plants per plot. The coffee plants were evaluated for production, bean yield, and maturation cycle of young plants (first two harvests; 2015 and 2016); morphological and nutritional performance of adult plants (after 72 months); and bean yield of the fifth harvest (2019). The mean yield of processed coffee beans in 2015 (239.15 kg ha-1) was lower than that in 2016 (345.73 kg ha-1). The genotype UFV-8710 had mean bean yield of 542.48 kg ha-1 in 2015, and the genotype Catucai-Amarelo had mean yield of 622.16 kg ha-1 in 2016.The mean coffee bean yield in 2015 (12.85%) was higher than that in 2016 (12.33%); the overall mean of the treatments was 12.58%. The genotype H419-10-6-2-3-21 had the highest bean yield (1,580.33 kg ha-1) and industrial yield (21.20%) in the fifth harvest (2019). The genotypes H514-7-10-6-29, H514-7-10-6-25, H514-7-10-6-9, and Catucai-Amarelo-2SL presented above average results for all morphological characteristics at 72 months. The morphological characteristics with higher correlation to bean yield were: vegetative vigor, plant height, and fourth leaf pair length. N, P, and S concentrations in the coffee leaves at 72 months were normal, whereas K, Ca, and Mg presented concentrations below the critical range.
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Avaliação nutricional, Caracteres morfológicos, Produtividade, Nutritional assessment, Morphological characters, Productivity