Alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas em plantas de alface induzidas por inseticidas utilizados para controle de tripes
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Data
2020-12-11
Autores
Flor, Alessandra Simone Santos de Oliveira
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de inseticidas em doses distintas na bioquímica e fisiologia na alface hidropônica, cv. Solaris. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em fatorial 4x5+1 com os inseticidas (imidacloprido, cipermetrina, extrato aquoso de folha de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) e o fungo entomopatogênico (Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch.), cinco doses de cada produto e um tratamento controle, com quatro repetições. Foram monitorados os insetos e calculados os índices de mortalidade sob efeito destes produtos com posterior análise bioquímica e fisiológica das plantas. Ao 12º dia após a segunda pulverização foi realizado o monitoramento do inseto e posterior avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos: teores de açúcares redutores (AR); carboidratos solúveis totais (CST); NO3-; NH4+; sacarose (Sac); clorofila a (Chls a), b (Chls b) e total (Chls total); carotenoides (Cars) e antocianina (Anths); aminoácidos solúveis totais (AA); proteínas solúveis (PS); prolina (Pro) e glicina betaína (GB) e as variáveis fisiológicas de crescimento: massa seca da raiz (MSR); massa seca das folhas (MSF); massa seca da parte aérea (MSPa) e área foliar (AF). Os resultados apresentados evidenciaram que o inseticida extrato aquoso de folha de nim na dose de 1,00 mL L-1 alterou as variáveis bioquímicas apresentando elevados teores de CST, PS e Anths, além de aumentar a área foliar na mesma dose. O fungo entomopatogênico M. anisopliae também promoveu alterações bioquímicas em plantas de alface hidropônica nas doses 1,25 e 1,50 mL L-1 promovendo altos teores para as variáveis AR, CST, PS, Anths, Sac, Chls a, b e total e Cars nas folhas e baixos teores de NO3- (raízes e folhas) e NH4+ (folhas), o que proporcionou o incremento das variaveis fisiológicas MSR (19,38 e 14,88 g), AF (43,97 e 46,85 dm2), MSF (18,26 e 18,35 g) e MSPa (22,31 e 18,00 g). De modo diferente dos resultados com os produtos biológicos, plantas pulverizadas com produto químico imidacloprido apresentaram altos teores de NO3- (raízes) e NH4+ (raízes e folhas), elevados teores de Pro e GB (raízes e folhas), especialmente nas doses 1,25 mL L-1 e 1,50 mL L-1. Por outro lado, apresentou elevados teores de Chls a, b e total e Cars nas folhas, o que não favoreceu aos parâmetros fisiológicos de crescimento. A cipermetrina não teve destaque para nenhum dos paramentros bioquímicos e fisiológicos de crescimento nas plantas. Plantas de alface para serem consideradas seguras para o consumo devem estar isentas de qualquer composto ou produto químico que possa provocar danos à saúde ao homem. Logo, altos teores de NO3- e NH4+ nas folhas são um indicativo desregulação no metabolismo provocado por inseticidas.
The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of insecticides in different doses on biochemistry and physiology in hydroponic lettuce, cv. Solaris. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks in a 4x5 + 1 factorial with the insecticides (imidacloprid, cypermethrin, aqueous neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the entomopathogenic fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch.), Five doses of each product and a control treatment, with four replications. Insects were monitored and mortality rates under the effect of these products were calculated with subsequent biochemical and physiological analysis of the plants. On the 12th day after the second spraying, the insect was monitored and parameters were evaluated biochemicals: content of reducing sugars (AR); total soluble carbohydrates (CST); NO3-; NH4+; sucrose (Sac); chlorophyll a (Chls a), b (Chls b) and total (Chls total); carotenoids (Cars) and anthocyanin (Anths); total soluble amino acids (AA); soluble proteins (PS); proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) and the physiological growth variables: dry root mass (MSR); dry leaf mass ( MSF); dry mass of aerial part (MSPa) and leaf area (AF). The results presented showed that the insecticide aqueous extract of neem leaf in the dose of 1,00 mL L-1 changed the biochemical variables presenting high levels of CST, PS and Anths, in addition to increasing the leaf area in the same dose. The entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae also promoted biochemical alterations in hydroponic lettuce plants at doses 1,25 and 1,50 mL L-1 promoting high levels for the variables AR, CST, PS, Anths, Sac, Chls a, b and total and Cars in leaves and low levels of NO3- (roots and leaf) and NH4+ (leaf), which provided an increase in the physiological variables MSR (19,38 and 14,88 g), AF (43,97 and 46,85 dm2), MSF (18,26 and 18,35 g) and MSPa (22,31 and 18,00 g). Differently from the results with biological products, plants sprayed with imidacloprid chemical showed high levels of NO3- (roots) and NH4+ (roots and leaf), high levels of Pro and GB (roots and leaf), especially in doses 1,25 mL L-1 and 1,50 mL L-1. On the other hand, it showed high levels of Chls a, b and total and Cars in the leaves, which did not favor the physiological parameters of growth. Cypermethrin was not highlighted in any of the biochemical and physiological parameters of plant growth. Lettuce plants to be considered safe for consumption must be free from any compound or chemical that could harm human health. Therefore, high levels of NO3- and NH4+ in the leaves are indicative of dysregulation in the metabolism caused by insecticides.
The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of insecticides in different doses on biochemistry and physiology in hydroponic lettuce, cv. Solaris. The experimental design used was in randomized blocks in a 4x5 + 1 factorial with the insecticides (imidacloprid, cypermethrin, aqueous neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the entomopathogenic fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch.), Five doses of each product and a control treatment, with four replications. Insects were monitored and mortality rates under the effect of these products were calculated with subsequent biochemical and physiological analysis of the plants. On the 12th day after the second spraying, the insect was monitored and parameters were evaluated biochemicals: content of reducing sugars (AR); total soluble carbohydrates (CST); NO3-; NH4+; sucrose (Sac); chlorophyll a (Chls a), b (Chls b) and total (Chls total); carotenoids (Cars) and anthocyanin (Anths); total soluble amino acids (AA); soluble proteins (PS); proline (Pro) and glycine betaine (GB) and the physiological growth variables: dry root mass (MSR); dry leaf mass ( MSF); dry mass of aerial part (MSPa) and leaf area (AF). The results presented showed that the insecticide aqueous extract of neem leaf in the dose of 1,00 mL L-1 changed the biochemical variables presenting high levels of CST, PS and Anths, in addition to increasing the leaf area in the same dose. The entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae also promoted biochemical alterations in hydroponic lettuce plants at doses 1,25 and 1,50 mL L-1 promoting high levels for the variables AR, CST, PS, Anths, Sac, Chls a, b and total and Cars in leaves and low levels of NO3- (roots and leaf) and NH4+ (leaf), which provided an increase in the physiological variables MSR (19,38 and 14,88 g), AF (43,97 and 46,85 dm2), MSF (18,26 and 18,35 g) and MSPa (22,31 and 18,00 g). Differently from the results with biological products, plants sprayed with imidacloprid chemical showed high levels of NO3- (roots) and NH4+ (roots and leaf), high levels of Pro and GB (roots and leaf), especially in doses 1,25 mL L-1 and 1,50 mL L-1. On the other hand, it showed high levels of Chls a, b and total and Cars in the leaves, which did not favor the physiological parameters of growth. Cypermethrin was not highlighted in any of the biochemical and physiological parameters of plant growth. Lettuce plants to be considered safe for consumption must be free from any compound or chemical that could harm human health. Therefore, high levels of NO3- and NH4+ in the leaves are indicative of dysregulation in the metabolism caused by insecticides.
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Palavras-chave
Estresse abiótico, Piretroide, Neonicotinoide, Metarhizium anisopliae, Trips, Azadirachta indica