Avifauna dispersora de sementes de Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) em uma área de Cerrado do Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo
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Data
2023-02-09
Autores
Ramire, Giovana Furtuoso
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Editor
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A dispersão de diásporos por animais frugívoros é um importante processo simbiótico no qual tanto a planta quanto os animais são beneficiados. O grupo das aves é considerado um dos mais importantes dispersores para as plantas zoocóricas. Todavia, a eficiência na dispersão não é a mesma para todas as espécies de aves: fatores tanto morfológicos quanto comportamentais influenciam na qualidade da ave como dispersora. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as espécies de aves consumidoras dos frutos de Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) em uma área de Cerrado, bem como investigar a potencialidade de dispersão de cada espécie. Para tal, foram selecionados dois indivíduos para coleta de dados, que ocorreu entre junho e setembro de 2022, época de frutificação destes. As amostragens ocorreram nos períodos da manhã e tarde, totalizando 20 horas de observação. Para a análise da qualidade de dispersão foram considerados os seguintes fatores: (1) o tempo médio de visita das espécies; (2) a frequência de visita, (3) a taxa de consumo por visita; (4) táticas de mandibulação dos frutos e (5) possíveis interações entre as aves. Durante o período de frutificação, indivíduos de seis espécies de aves foram registrados explorando os frutos da R. viburnoides seguindo comportamentos tanto de boa quanto de má qualidade de dispersão. Apenas três espécies podem ser consideradas potenciais dispersoras: Turdus leucomelas, Turdus amaurochalinus e Elaenia flavogaster. Dentre elas, T. leucomelas foi a que apresentou maior frequência de visitas com interação com os frutos e a que mais os consumiu, além de também ter sido a espécie com o maior tempo médio de permanência.
The dispersal of diaspores by fruit-eating animals is an important symbiotic process in which both the plant and the animals benefit. The group of birds is considered one of the most important dispersers for zoochoric plants, however, the efficiency of dispersal is not the same for all bird species: both morphological and behavioral factors influence the quality of the bird as a disperser. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the species of birds that consume the fruits of Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) in a Cerrado area, as well as to investigate the potential dispersal of each species. To this end, two individuals were selected for data collection, which occurred between June and September 2022, the fruiting season of these individuals. Sampling occurred in the morning and afternoon periods, totaling 20 hours of observation. For the analysis of dispersal quality, the following factors were considered: (1) the average visiting time of the species; (2) the frequency of visits; (3) the consumption rate per visit; (4) fruit jawing tactics; and (5) possible interactions among birds. During the fruiting period, individuals of six bird species were recorded exploring the fruits of R. viburnoides following both good and poor dispersal behaviors. Only three species can be considered potential dispersers: Turdus leucomelas, Turdus amaurochalinus and Elaenia flavogaster. Among them, T. leucomelas was the one that presented the highest frequency of visits with interaction with the fruits and the one that consumed the fruits the most, besides also being the species with the longest average residence time.
The dispersal of diaspores by fruit-eating animals is an important symbiotic process in which both the plant and the animals benefit. The group of birds is considered one of the most important dispersers for zoochoric plants, however, the efficiency of dispersal is not the same for all bird species: both morphological and behavioral factors influence the quality of the bird as a disperser. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the species of birds that consume the fruits of Rudgea viburnoides (Cham.) Benth. (Rubiaceae) in a Cerrado area, as well as to investigate the potential dispersal of each species. To this end, two individuals were selected for data collection, which occurred between June and September 2022, the fruiting season of these individuals. Sampling occurred in the morning and afternoon periods, totaling 20 hours of observation. For the analysis of dispersal quality, the following factors were considered: (1) the average visiting time of the species; (2) the frequency of visits; (3) the consumption rate per visit; (4) fruit jawing tactics; and (5) possible interactions among birds. During the fruiting period, individuals of six bird species were recorded exploring the fruits of R. viburnoides following both good and poor dispersal behaviors. Only three species can be considered potential dispersers: Turdus leucomelas, Turdus amaurochalinus and Elaenia flavogaster. Among them, T. leucomelas was the one that presented the highest frequency of visits with interaction with the fruits and the one that consumed the fruits the most, besides also being the species with the longest average residence time.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Ornitocoria, Frugivoria, Chá-de-bugre, Dispersão de sementes, Interação ave-planta, Ornithochory, Frugivory, Chá-de-bugre, Seed dispersal, Seed dispersal