Prospecção de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais nativas de um fragmento de floresta: sazonalidade, composição química e atividade antimicrobiana
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2024-02-28
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Com a aprovação do Programa Nacional de Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterápicos, instituído em dezembro de 2008 pela Portaria nº 2.960, diversas iniciativas foram tomadas para que as plantas medicinais pudessem ser empregadas no sistema único de saúde brasileiro. Conjuntamente foi elaborada a Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de interesse ao SUS (RENISUS), que inclui espécies nativas com eficácia terapêutica comprovada e utilizadas tradicionalmente pela população. O emprego criterioso destas plantas como medicamento requer estudos que forneçam parâmetros de identificação e controle de qualidade. Os princípios ativos encontrados nestas plantas podem ter ocorrência comum entre gêneros pertencentes à mesma família botânica, ou predominarem em uma única espécie. Sendo assim, a realização de análises da droga vegetal possibilita a caracterização do material e descoberta de substâncias com potencial uso terapêutico. A análise da composição química de uma droga vegetal deve sempre estar agregada às informações sobre os fatores bióticos e abióticos a qual a espécie foi cultivada ou coletada. Este projeto teve como objetivo a caracterização da composição química dos óleos essenciais e avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana dos seus óleos essenciais (OE) a partir da bioprospecção de espécies coletadas em duas épocas do ano (estação seca e chuvosa) na fitofisionomia de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Botucatu –SP, a partir da busca de espécies aparentadas citadas na lista RENISUS. Foram feitas coletas nas estações seca e chuvosa das folhas das seguintes espécies: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae); Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., Baccharis spp., Mikania glomerata Spreng., Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis (Asteraceae); Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S. Mill., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Cordia sellowiana Cham., Cordia superba Cham. (Cordiaceae); Croton floribundus Spreng, Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae); Bauhinia forficata Link, Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Erythrina falcata Benth, Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Fabaceae); Eugenia uniflora L., Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae); Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae). A extração dos óleos essenciais foi realizada por hidrodestilação em aparato Clevenger, em triplicata. A análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC-EM). Após a verificação da normalidade dos dados de rendimento e dos compostos majoritários, procedeu-se com a análise estatística, aplicando o teste t-pareado com um nível de significância de 5%. Realizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais para avaliar o conjunto de compostos observados nas diferentes espécies. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram rendimentos variáveis conforme as espécies, com rendimentos maiores para Casearia sylvestris (0,81% e 0,75%), Baccharis dracunculifolia (0,34% e 0,39%), Copaifera langsdorffii (0,49% e 0,29%) e Eugenia uniflora (0,25% e 0,36%). As espécies Eugenia uniflora, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana e Machaerium scleroxylon se destacaram pela atividade inibitória contra Bacillus cereus e Escherichia coli.
With the approval of the National Program of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, established in December 2008 by Ordinance No. 2,960, several initiatives were taken so that medicinal plants could be used in the Brazilian unified health system. At the same time, the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the SUS (RENISUS) was prepared, which includes native species with proven therapeutic efficacy and traditionally used by the population. The judicious use of these plants as a medicine requires studies that provide identification and quality control parameters. The active ingredients found in these plants may have common occurrence between genera belonging to the same botanical family or predominate in a single species. Thus, the analysis of the herbal drug enables the characterization of the material and the discovery of substances with potential therapeutic use. The analysis of the chemical composition of herbal drugs should always be aggregated with information on the biotic and abiotic factors in which the species was cultivated or collected. The objective of this project was to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils and to evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of their essential oils (EO) from the bioprospection of species collected in two seasons of the year (dry and rainy season) in the phytophysiognomy of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Botucatu – SP, from the search for related species mentioned in the RENISUS list. The leaves of the following species were collected in the dry and rainy seasons: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae); Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., Baccharis spp., Mikania glomerata Spreng., Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis (Asteraceae); Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S. Mill., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Cordia sellowiana Cham., Cordia superba Cham. (Cordiaceae); Croton floribundus Spreng, Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae); Bauhinia forficata Link, Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Erythrina falcata Benth, Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Fabaceae); Eugenia uniflora L., Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae); Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae). The extraction of the essential oils was carried out by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus, in triplicate. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After verifying the normality of the yield data and of the major compounds, the statistical analysis was carried out, applying the paired t-test with a significance level of 5%. Principal Component Analysis was performed to evaluate the set of compounds observed in the different species. The essential oils showed variable yields, with higher yields observed in Casearia sylvestris (0.81% and 0.75%), Baccharis dracunculifolia (0.34% and 0.39%), Copaifera langsdorffii (0.49% and 0.29%) and Eugenia uniflora (0.25% and 0.36%). The species Eugenia uniflora, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana and Machaerium scleroxylon stood up for their inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.
With the approval of the National Program of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines, established in December 2008 by Ordinance No. 2,960, several initiatives were taken so that medicinal plants could be used in the Brazilian unified health system. At the same time, the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the SUS (RENISUS) was prepared, which includes native species with proven therapeutic efficacy and traditionally used by the population. The judicious use of these plants as a medicine requires studies that provide identification and quality control parameters. The active ingredients found in these plants may have common occurrence between genera belonging to the same botanical family or predominate in a single species. Thus, the analysis of the herbal drug enables the characterization of the material and the discovery of substances with potential therapeutic use. The analysis of the chemical composition of herbal drugs should always be aggregated with information on the biotic and abiotic factors in which the species was cultivated or collected. The objective of this project was to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils and to evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of their essential oils (EO) from the bioprospection of species collected in two seasons of the year (dry and rainy season) in the phytophysiognomy of Seasonal Semideciduous Forest, Botucatu – SP, from the search for related species mentioned in the RENISUS list. The leaves of the following species were collected in the dry and rainy seasons: Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardiaceae); Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., Baccharis spp., Mikania glomerata Spreng., Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis (Asteraceae); Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J.S. Mill., Cordia ecalyculata Vell., Cordia sellowiana Cham., Cordia superba Cham. (Cordiaceae); Croton floribundus Spreng, Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae); Bauhinia forficata Link, Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Erythrina falcata Benth, Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Fabaceae); Eugenia uniflora L., Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae); Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae). The extraction of the essential oils was carried out by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus, in triplicate. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After verifying the normality of the yield data and of the major compounds, the statistical analysis was carried out, applying the paired t-test with a significance level of 5%. Principal Component Analysis was performed to evaluate the set of compounds observed in the different species. The essential oils showed variable yields, with higher yields observed in Casearia sylvestris (0.81% and 0.75%), Baccharis dracunculifolia (0.34% and 0.39%), Copaifera langsdorffii (0.49% and 0.29%) and Eugenia uniflora (0.25% and 0.36%). The species Eugenia uniflora, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Croton urucurana and Machaerium scleroxylon stood up for their inhibitory activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Bioprospecção, Óleos essenciais, RENISUS, Sazonalidade, Atividade antimicrobiana, Bioprospecting, Essential oils, Seasonality, Antimicrobial activity
Como citar
REIS, R. B. Prospecção de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais nativas de um fragmento de floresta: sazonalidade, composição química e atividade antimicrobiana. 2024. Dissertação (mestrado em Horticultura) – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 2024.