Development and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to evaluate sedation in horses

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dc.contributor.authorde Oliveira, Alice Rodrigues [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorGozalo-Marcilla, Miguel
dc.contributor.authorRinger, Simone Katja
dc.contributor.authorSchauvliege, Stijn
dc.contributor.authorFonseca, Mariana Werneck [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorTrindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorFilho, José Nicolau Prospero Puoli [UNESP]
dc.contributor.authorLuna, Stelio Pacca Loureiro [UNESP]
dc.contributor.institutionUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.contributor.institutionThe University of Edinburgh
dc.contributor.institutionUniversity of Zürich
dc.contributor.institutionGhent University
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-25T11:01:25Z
dc.date.available2021-06-25T11:01:25Z
dc.date.issued2021-06-01
dc.description.abstractAlthough facial characteristics are used to estimate horse sedation, there are no studies measuring their reliability and validity. This randomised controlled, prospective, horizontal study aimed to validate a facial sedation scale for horses (FaceSed). Seven horses received detomidine infusion i.v. in low or high doses/rates alone (DL 2.5 μg/kg+6.25 μg/kg/h; DH 5 μg/kg+12.5 μg/kg/h) or combined with methadone (DLM and DHM, 0.2 mg/kg+0.05 mg/ kg/h) for 120 min, or acepromazine boli i.v. in low (ACPL 0.02 mg/kg) or high doses (ACPH 0.09 mg/kg). Horses' faces were photographed at i) baseline, ii) peak, iii) intermediate, and iv) end of sedation. After randomisation of moments and treatments, photos were sent to four evaluators to assess the FaceSed items (ear position, orbital opening, relaxation of the lower and upper lip) twice, within a one-month interval. The intraclass correlation coefficient of intra- and interobserver reliability of FaceSed scores were good to very good (0.74-0.94) and moderate to very good (0.57-0.87), respectively. Criterion validity based on Spearman correlation between the FaceSed versus the numerical rating scale and head height above the ground were 0.92 and -0.75, respectively. All items and the FaceSed total score showed responsiveness (construct validity). According to the principal component analysis all FaceSed items had load factors >0.50 at the first dimension. The high internal consistency (Cronbach´s α = 0.83) indicated good intercorrelation among items. Item-total Spearman correlation was adequate (rho 0.3-0.73), indicating homogeneity of the scale. All items showed sensitivity (0.82-0.97) to detect sedation, however only orbital opening (0.79) and upper lip relaxation (0.82) were specific to detect absence of sedation. The limitations were that the facial expression was performed using photos, which do not represent the facial movement and the horses were docile, which may have reduced specificity. The FaceSed is a valid and reliable tool to assess tranquilisation and sedation in horses.en
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)
dc.description.affiliationThe Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Clinical Diagnostics and Services Section Anaesthesiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich
dc.description.affiliationDepartment of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University
dc.description.affiliationUnespDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP)
dc.description.sponsorshipFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
dc.description.sponsorshipIdFAPESP: 2017/12815-0
dc.description.sponsorshipIdFAPESP: 2017/16208-0
dc.identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251909
dc.identifier.citationPLoS ONE, v. 16, n. 6 June, 2021.
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0251909
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85106986237
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11449/207809
dc.language.isoeng
dc.relation.ispartofPLoS ONE
dc.sourceScopus
dc.titleDevelopment and validation of the facial scale (FaceSed) to evaluate sedation in horsesen
dc.typeArtigo

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