Acarofauna of Neotropical reptiles: Integrative morphology and vector competence of zoonotic pathogens

Abstract

The Neotropical region stands out as a megadiverse area in terms of herpetofauna, hosting more than 4457 species, 2233 of which are distributed across South America. Reptiles are recognized as amplifiers and reservoirs of several pathogens, yet their role in disease cycles and the vectorial potential of their mites and ticks remain poorly understood. These hosts are infested by over 500 species of mites and ticks, classified into 61 genera across 13 families within the orders Trombidiformes (Acariformes), Mesostigmata, and Ixodida (Parasitiformes). Some of these arthropods may serve as vectors of reptile vector-borne diseases (RVBDs), that include bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens of zoonotic concern. In this article, we explore the main groups of mites and ticks that infest reptiles in the Neotropical region, with a particular focus on vector-borne zoonotic pathogens of reptiles. In addition, we discuss the intricate relationships between these animals, arthropod vectors, and the zoonotic pathogens they may transmit.