Jaboticabal - FCAV - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

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https://hdl.handle.net/11449/253829

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Phytochrome and Hormone Signaling Crosstalk in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Plants
(2023-01-01) Gavassi, Marina Alves ; Alves, Frederico Rocha Rodrigues ; Carvalho, Rogério Falleiros ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Federal University of Goias (UFG)
Linking plant light perception to molecular and biochemical responses, multiple signaling pathways are triggered, especially considering the participation of hormones downstream of phytochromes, the most extensively characterized plant photoreceptors. It has been shown that the interaction between phytochrome and hormones modulates plant development, from seed germination to flowering, in response to a plethora of abiotic stresses, the most worrisome factors for agricultural traits. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the interaction between the main molecular components shared between phytochrome and plant hormone signaling pathways during heat, low temperature, drought, and salt stresses, discussing interesting points which raise perspectives for plant tolerance bioengineering.
Bacillus thuringiensis, a remarkable biopesticide
(2021-01-01) Sena da Silva, Igor Henrique ; Mueller de Freitas, Marcelo ; Polanczyk, Ricardo Antônio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been studied widely and intensively in terms of isolation and transmission, characterization, mode of action, improved formulations, and compatibility with natural enemies and Bt crops. This knowledge has resulted in the availability of extremely competitive biopesticides, with remarkable selectivity and specificity, on the market. The biopesticide Dipel is available on the worldwide pesticide market since the 1970s and recently had an outstanding performance against the noctuids Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens in Brazilian pest outbreaks. This chapter describes the scientific background that made Bt become the most important microbial control agent in the integration of agricultural pest management with low environmental constrains, with higher efficacy than chemical pesticides.
Behavioural Responses of Domestic Animals for Adapting to Thermal Stress
(2022-01-01) Fonsêca, Vinícius F. C. ; Saraiva, Edilson P. ; Dos Santos, José D. C. ; da Cunha Morais, Larissa Kellen ; Nascimento, Sheila T. ; De Melo Costa, Cíntia C. ; Moura, Gustavo B. ; Neta, Geni Caetano Xavier ; Bícego, Kênia C. ; Sejian, Veerasamy ; Neto, Marcos Chiquitelli ; Maia, Alex S. C. ; Federal University of Paraiba ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; State University of Maringá ; ICAR-National Institute Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Animals use behaviour to alleviate the feelings of hot and cold, by avoiding situations that arouse those feelings. That is the basis of behavioural thermoregulation. By employing behavioural thermoregulation, domestic animals can manipulate heat exchanges between body surface and surrounding environment, thus reducing demands for evaporative water loss and heat production in order to regulate body temperature. Availability of buffered microclimates and possibility for animals to employ behavioural thermoregulation is of utmost importance for those that have a high surface area to volume ratio. By observing the animal’s behaviour, farmers can easily predict how animals are coping with thermal challenges and to get insights about their preferences. This chapter briefly discusses the importance of behavioural thermoregulation under the context of domestic animals. Specifically, (1) the association between body size and relevance of thermoregulatory behaviour; (2) evidences on how shade or shelter-seeking behaviour and body orientation adjustments helps neonates and adult animals to save water and energy; and ultimately (3) to prospect future studies involving behavioural thermoregulation of free-ranging livestock, particularly to better predict how they use some kind of behavioural plasticity to buffer direct and indirect impact of climate change.
Influence of Long-Term Soil Application of Sewage Sludge Rich in Phosphorus on Heavy Metals Bioavailability to Plants
(2018-01-01) de Melo, Wanderley José ; Peruca de Melo, Gabriel Maurício ; de Melo, Valéria Peruca ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco
Sewage sludge presents risk to the environment and to human health, and therefore its correct disposal is a problem to be solved as quickly as possible. Its use in agriculture as a fertilizer or soil amendment has drawn the attention of producers because sewage sludge contains large concentrations of organic matter and plant nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), and others. However, along with these welcome components, sewage sludge also contains in its composition potentially toxic trace elements and organic substances that are hazardous. Considering the benets and the risks of applying sewage sludge in agriculture, it is important to know the composition of the residue to be used, the soil properties where it will be used, and the climatic conditions. These factors are important because the trace elements available to plants will also move down the soil prole and contaminate underground water. It is important to prevent the entering of trace elements in the human food chain.
Subtropical fruits: Guavas
(2020-01-01) de Almeida Teixeira, Gustavo Henrique ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit can have climacteric or suppressed climacteric behavior, depending on the cultivar. Guava fruit have a short shelf-life mainly due to rapid ripening rate and high susceptibility to decay, mechanical damage, and chilling injury. The fruit can be stored for up to 2–3 weeks at 7–10°C, and 85–90% relative humidity (RH), but fresh weight loss can be a problem. The application of 1-MCP can provide some improvement in storability. The beneficial effects of CA with low O2 and/or high CO2 levels include reduction in respiration rates and ethylene production, color change, and softening, retention of vitamins, sugars and organic acids as well as the inhibition of some physiological disorders, and diseases. Guava fruit do not tolerate CO2 levels higher than 10%. Even though some studies have reported CA/MA storage for guava fruit, many biochemical responses remain unclear and more investigations are required to fully understand the impact of O2 and CO2 on respiration and ethylene production, and their influence on shelf-life.
Integrated nematode management of root lesion and root-knot nematodes in soybean in Brazil
(2021-01-01) Soares, Pedro Luiz Martins ; Nascimento, Daniel Dalvan ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This chapter focuses on the economic importance, host range, geographical distribution, damage symptoms and biology and life cycle of root lesion and root-knot nematodes infesting soyabean in Brazil, i.e. Pratylenchus brachyurus, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Some information on their interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, efficacy and optimization of some recommended integrated nematode management strategies and future outlook and research requirements for nematode management are also presented.
Biopesticides in sustainable agriculture: Current status and prospects
(2021-04-28) Berlitz, Diouneia Lisiane ; Fiuza, Lidia Mariana ; Polanczyk, Ricardo Antônio ; Ardisson-Araújo, Daniel Mendes Pereira ; Cassal, Maximiano Corrêa ; Capalbo, Deise Maria Fontana ; DLB Biological Solutions ; CABIO - Control Agro Bio Agricultural Research and Defense Ltda ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Federal University of Santa Maria ; Kyushu University ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)
Sustainable agriculture is on the rise in different countries of the world. On the other hand, there is an increase in the demand for food and the production of different cultures, which requires the reduction of agents that impact the environment, such as chemical inputs. This chapter will introduce biopesticides in this challenging scenario: the ones available, their market, and their interaction with chemical pesticides (as coexistence is demanded in the transition for a better production system). Furthermore, an overview will discuss the future research in prospecting for bioproducts, their production issues and potential market as effective protagonists of a sustainable agriculture in Brazil and in the world.
Osmoregulation and fish transportation
(2019-01-01) Falanghe Carneiro, Paulo César ; Urbinati, Elisabeth Criscuolo ; Bendhack, Fabiano ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana
Cellular osmoregulation constitutes a phylogenetically conserved set of highly complex responses to changes in external osmolality/tonicity to maintain cell volume, intracellular concentrations of macro- and micromolecules, protein structure and function, and genomic integrity. The successful establishment of the fish species in different habitats and environments depends on its ability to cope with salinity differences between internal (plasma) and external (water) environments through osmoregulation. Although osmoregulation in fishes is mediated by a suite of structures, including the gastrointestinal epithelium and kidney, the gill is the major site of ion movements that balance diffusional gains or losses. Sodium chloride has been used as a mean of stress reduction and increases survival during transportation of freshwater fish in order to balance with water gain and electrolytes losses. Net ionic losses in the urine and diffusional outflux across the gill are balanced by active uptake mechanisms in the gill epithelium plus any ionic gain from food.
Extracellular matrix in ocular homeostasis and diseases: The heroes, the villains, and the magic
(2018-08-09) Aldrovani, Marcela ; Cristovam, Priscila Cardoso ; Pascoli, Ana Lúcia ; da Silva, Germana Alegro ; Madruga, Gabriela Morais ; Bandeira e Silva, Francisco ; Laus, José Luiz ; University of Franca ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; São Paulo Federal University ; Regional University of Blumenau
The eyes are highly diversified photosensitive structures. In all vertebrates, eyes resemble in molecular composition and are predominantly composed of extracellular matrix (ECM). Compared with other structures, the eyes have ECM in unique arrangements. Because the ocular ECM is labile and dynamic, when remodeling, it may lead to a series of diseases or alterations that impair vision. Post-translational processing of ECM molecules of the eye can be impaired by multiple multifactorial conditions that trigger the onset of ocular diseases, including corneal dystrophies, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and tumors. Besides, the ECM is the link that connects the eyes to other structures of the body, so a variety of systemic hereditary or autoimmune connective tissue disorders can affect the ocular homeostasis. This work explores the dual role (from hero to a villain) of ECM in ocular homeostasis and diseases and discusses how this duality can be magically used to treat ocular diseases. The view on ECM biology offered by this work is translational and address concepts of basic science and clinicalsurgical issues.
Use of municipal and industrial sludge in agricultural soil: Responses of soil microbials and soil enzymes
(2009-04-01) De Araújo, Ademir Sérgio Ferreira ; de Melo, Wanderley José ; Santos, Joseany Andrade ; de Melo, Valéria Peruca ; Centro de Ciências Agrárias ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal do Piauí
Industrialization has contributed to the increase in the generation of potentially toxic solid residues. Textile and tannery industries produce residues, called sludge, with high organic and inorganic content, including heavy metals. The most widely-used method for disposal of tannery, textile and sewage sludge is sanitary sites, presenting a high risk for environmental contamination. Concerns about environmental quality have led to the introduction of alternative disposal methods, such as the use of sludge as a nutrient source for plants and as soil conditioners. However, the use of sludge in agricultural soils needs defined action, in order to avoid damage to the environment, mainly to the soil. The knowledge of short- and long-term effects of soil amendments becomes essential when considering, for example, the conservation of soil quality. In recent years, soil microbiological parameters, as such microbial activity and biomass, along with soil enzyme activity, have been seen to be early and sensitive indicators of soil stress and can be used to predict long-term trends in soil quality. Several studies have been done aiming to evaluate the effects of use of these sludges in agricultural soil. In this way, this chapter describes the state of the art about the effect of textile, tannery and sewage sludge on soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity.
Nitrogen Dynamic in Agricultural Soils Amended With Sewage Sludge
(2018-01-01) de Melo, Wanderley J. ; de Melo, Gabriel M.P. ; de Melo, Valéria P. ; Donha, Riviane M.A. ; de Lima Dias Delarica, Denise ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Brasil University
The inappropriate use of natural resources has led to a decrease in environmental quality. Improper handling of waste can cause changes in the cycle of the elements in nature and generates greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Agriculture has a great potential to enhance these changes due to the use of conventional soil management and the application of large amounts of mineral fertilizers. The excess of mineral N fertilizer can contaminate the environment with nitrate or contribute to global warming by a nitrous oxide emission. The use of conservation tillage systems such as direct drilling, crop rotation, and adequate disposal of organic wastes can help mitigate global warming by increasing the soil content of carbon and nitrogen. A study case is presented focusing on the use of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture and its effect on soil nitrogen, nitrogen plant nutrition, crop production, and the protein concentration of the grains provided the following: (i) 5, 10, and 20Mgha1 of SS presented the same nutritional state in relation to N than the control receiving mineral fertilizers; (ii) there was leaching of NH4+ and NO3? to the 40-60cm layer; (iii) in high doses of SS the fraction of the N present in the soil surface that leached to the deeper layers was smaller; and (iv) organic fertilization with SS improved the protein concentration of corn grains.
Marker-assisted selection and genomic selection
(2017-06-10) Unêda-Trevisoli, Sandra Helena ; da Silva, Fabiana Mota ; Mauro, Antonio Orlando Di ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Breeding techniques and molecular tools, i.e., biotechnology, have increased crop yield over the last century. Marker-assisted selection and, more recently, genome-wide association studies and genomic selection have been used as tools of breeding programs, especially in the resistant genotype selection. The genomic association study refers to significant associations between a loci and an interesting trait. Genomic selection is based on the effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed throughout the genome, where the number of markers must be sufficiently high so all quantitative trait loci are in linkage disequilibrium with at least one marker. Thousands of markers distributed throughout the genome at reduced costs, as well as the easy access to biotechnologies, are the main way of aggregating these techniques in breeding programs. Several studies have shown that genomic selection is highly effective for improving crop yield. This tool increases the genetic gain of improved populations by increasing selection accuracy and, mainly, by reducing the generation intervals.
Bioprospecting studies: Transforming the natural genetic heritage into biotechnological richness
(2017-09-21) Maester, Thais Carvalho ; Gomes, Elisângela Soares ; Pereira, Mariana Rangel ; Sierra, Elwi Guillermo Machado ; Lemos, Manoel Victor Franco ; de Macedo Lemos, Eliana G. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The Brazilian microbiota has great potential richness for industrial use, given its mega-diversity. Despite the advances in international research that have provided access to such microbiota, via several approaches (metagenomics; second- generation DNA sequencing, in situ cultivation, and as a consequence high-throughput screening, etc.) a glimpse into the research output in Brazil demonstrates that such immense potential has been poorly explored. Even though the Brazilian scientific community has reached a degree of international excellence in research recognition, there is still strong centralization of knowledge and of biotechnology enterprises in the Southeast Region of the country, which greatly limits access to our multitude of biomes and ecosystems. Another problem is the lack of communication between the knowledge generation centers and practical efforts in the field, resulting in very little national intelligence reaching the consumer market. Consequently, the internal biotechnology market prioritizes imports, even though there are available domestic resources to generate competitiveness at a global level. Academic and industry integration initiatives through innovative agencies have demonstrated a path to bridge the gap between the ownership and the usage capacity of the country's rich microbial diversity.
Effect of bacillus thuringiensis on parasitoids and predators
(2017-06-10) De Bortoli, Sergio Antonio ; Vacari, Alessandra Marieli ; Polanczyk, Ricardo Antonio ; Veiga, Ana Carolina Pires ; Goulart, Roberto Marchi ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Citrus Defense Fund - Fundecitrus ; SGS of Brazil
Advances in biotechnological studies have led to the development of genetically modified (GM) crops. The commercial release of transgenic plants producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins has contributed to the management of several insect pests worldwide. Additionally, the use of selective products such as Bt-bioinsecticides allows for the conservation of beneficial organisms, including parasitoids and predators, in agricultural ecosystems, thus reducing chemical insecticidal applications. The use of these bioinsecticides reduces production costs, improves product quality, and can serve as a good strategy to slow the evolution of resistance in insect pest populations. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of Bt on insect pests and on their natural enemies. Here we review the effects of Bt on parasitoids and predators and emphasize that although Bt should be selective for natural enemies, special attention should be paid to the sublethal effects of these products on the biology and/or behavior of natural enemies. Thus, this chapter describes the possible effects of Bt on some predators and parasitoids species, including Bt-bioinsecticides and GM plants.
The american bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides market
(2017-06-10) Polanczyk, Ricardo Antonio ; van Frankenhuyzen, Kees ; Pauli, Giuliano ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Canadian Forest Service ; FMC Agricultural Solutions
Bt-based biopesticides are among the main tactics for agricultural pest control in many production systems, mainly due to high efficiency and the ability to preserve natural enemies and the environment. North America (Canada and USA) and Brazil stand out as the two largest world markets for these products. The main targets are larvae of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) responsible for forest defoliation in Canada and the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) in the United States. Bt biopesticides have been used against these pests since the 1980s and represent the oldest IPM system using these products worldwide. The Brazilian example is more recent and involves two species of noctuids, Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens which became very serious problems in all agricultural areas. Bt biopesticides provided a satisfactory control efficiency, making Brazil a world reference. The total Bt biopesticide usage reached over 4.5 million liters/ kilograms in the 2013/2014 crop seasons, which corresponds to a sprayed area of approximately 9 million ha. Reasons for this increase, and subsequent decrease, in the Brazilian Bt biopesticides market are discussed in this chapter.
Bacillus thuringiensis characterization: Morphology, physiology, biochemistry, pathotype, cellular, and molecular aspects
(2017-06-10) Rabinovitch, Leon ; Vivoni, Adriana Marcos ; Machado, Vilmar ; Knaak, Neiva ; Berlitz, Diouneia Lisiane ; Polanczyk, Ricardo Antonio ; Fiuza, Lidia Mariana ; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz ; UNOESC ; Control Agro Bio Pesquisa e Defesa Agropecuária Ltda ; Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz - IRGA ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
In this publication, Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus - characterization and use in the field of biocontrol, this chapter can be seen as a brief general and historical introduction to the central theme of the book, where data on the cellular physiology, biochemical, genetic, molecular, and toxicological aspects of the bacterium, B. Thuringiensis (Bt), are reported. This predominant entomopathogenic prokaryote was discovered and denominated Bt around a century ago, between 1902 and 1911. From the microbiological point of view, this bacterium is ubiquitous, Gram-positive, produces ellipsoidal but predominantely cilindrical endospores (central to paracentral) and contains a parasporal inclusion body called crystal or 8-endotoxin. The crystal is constituted of Cry proteins with molecular weight between 30 kDa and 140 kDa, which are coded by cry genes. On the other hand, this bacterial species synthesizes several enzymes and toxins that give them a wide adaptation to natural habitats. Bt strains have been studied and, over time, characterized and described as toxic and specific for Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Nematoda, Protozoa, Trematoda, Acari, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Mallophaga, and among other target pests. Globally, 82 Bt serovars sometimes called subspecies were described until 1999, which currently correspond to more than 700 cry genes distributed in about 70 classes. The nomenclature review of cry genes, which encode Bt Cry proteins, has been published by Crickmore et al. And has been constantly updated on the website: Http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/.
Rural real estate tax in the state of São Paulo - Brazil: Fiscal renunciation and evasion
(2012-10-01) De Souza, José Gilberto ; Gebara, José Jorge ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This study analyzes the profile of collecting ITR - Rural Real Estate Tax - in the State of São Paulo between 1995 and 1997 and verifies the impact of the Laws 8817/94 and 9393/96, especially the latter when the Internal Revenue Service (SRF) declined the arbitration of the VTNm - minimum Bare Land Value - thus greatly reducing the rates of tax collection. Moreover, this study highlights the aspects of taxation in areas of land conflict where the bare land values often do not reflect the true market values of the land, mainly in the Western part of the State.© 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Composting as alternative for industrial wastes recycling
(2011-12-01) Gonçalves, Iuna Carmo Ribeiro ; De Souza, Lusiene Barbosa ; De Melo, Wanderley José ; De Araújo, Ademir Sérgio Ferreira ; Centro de Ciências Agrárias ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Industrialization in the world has contributed for the increase in the generation of potentially toxic solid wastes. These wastes usually have high organic and inorganic content, including heavy metals. The most used method for disposal of industrial wastes is the sanitary sites, presenting a high risk of environmental contamination. Concerns about environmental quality have led to the introduction of alternative disposal methods such as the use as nutrient source for plants and as soil conditioners. Composting is an attractive alternative of industrial waste recycling. Application of this compost in agricultural soils can directly alter soil physicochemical properties as well as promote plant growth. In this short-communication, we summarize the importance and alternative of composting for industrial wastes recycling. © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Spontaneous intoxication by solanum malacoxylon in bubalus bubalis in northern pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil
(2011-05-12) Santos, C. E.P. ; Marques, L. C. ; Canola, J. C. ; Silva, J. A. ; Federal University of Mato Grosso ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Assistance and Rural Extension
Breeding perennial species for abiotic stress
(2012-07-01) De Paula, Rinaldo Cesar ; De Paula, Nadia Figueiredo ; Marino, Celso Luis ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Faculdade de Tecnologia de Jaboticabal
In agriculture, the term stress is understood to mean any factor, whether biotic or abiotic, that is detrimental to the growth and productivity of plants. Managing stress caused by climatic events, especially in large perennial species occupying extensive cropping areas, is in most cases neither technically nor economically viable. In this chapter we will approach the breeding of perennial species tolerant to abiotic stress based on studies of Eucalyptus under water deficiency conditions, the most common stress factor in areas used for cultivating this genus in Brazil. The forestry breeding programs conducted in Brazil have been primarily directed toward growth traits, and more recently, wood quality. Indirectly, there has been selection, albeit unintentional, for adaptation to the environmental conditions under which commercial companies operate, and it can be assumed that drought-tolerance characteristics have not been fully explored in these programs. As new forest frontiers have opened up in regions with limited water resources, the search for productive and therefore drought-tolerant genotypes should be a key feature in breeding programs. Since the species concerned are perennials with a long life cycle, during their development the plants pass through innumerable situations that are unfavorable to growth. In contrast to short-cycle species, trees cannot avoid these conditions. This means that the mechanisms for withstanding abiotic stress factors in perennial species may be more complex and primarily aimed at species survival, to the detriment of productivity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for success of a forest breeding program for regions subject to drought.

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