Evaluation of Internal and Marginal Shrinkage Stress in Adhesive Class III Cavities Restored with Different Resin Composite Combinations—A 3D-FEA Study

Abstract

<b>Objectives:</b> To study the effects of internal and marginal polymerization shrinkage stress and distribution in different resin composite class III dental restorations in relation to the restorative technique using numerical finite element analysis (FEA). <b>Methods:</b> A 3D model of a human hemi-maxilla with a sound maxillary central incisor were created. Four class III distal cavities were shaped and differently restored. Four groups of resin composite combinations were analyzed: group C (three increments of conventional composite); group B (two increments of bulk-fill composite); group FC (flowable base + three increments of conventional composite); and group FB (flowable bulk-fill base + two increments of conventional composite). The resulting four models were exported to FEA software for static structural analysis. Polymerization shrinkage was simulated using thermal analogy, and stress distribution was analyzed using the Maximum Principal Stress criterion at the marginal and internal cavity interfaces. <b>Results:</b> Group FC showed the highest stress at the level in the proximal region (9.05 MPa), while group FB showed the lowest (4.48 MPa). FB also exhibited the highest internal dentin stress, indicating potential risks for long-term bond degradation. In the cavo-surface incisal angle, the average peak stress across all groups was 3.76 MPa. At the cervical cavo-surface angle, stress values were 3.3 MPa (C), ~3.36 MPa (B), 3.41 MPa (FC), and 3.27 MPa (FB). <b>Conclusions:</b> Restorative technique did not significantly influence marginal stress distribution in class III composite restorations. However, the bevel area at the cervical margin showed the highest concentration of shrinkage stress.