Integrating Cryobiology and Conservation: The Role of Biobanks for Neotropical Deer in Latin America

The Neotropical region is currently facing a critical period of biodiversity loss, with deer species (family Cervidae) being particularly affected by severe habitat degradation, genetic bottlenecks, and population fragmentation. In this context, germplasm biobanks emerge as strategic tools for conservation efforts. This article presents a comprehensive review of the Deer Research and Conservation Center germplasm bank, the largest repository of genetic material for Neotropical deer worldwide. We detail the diversity of species represented, the types and quantities of cryopreserved samples, and the operational costs associated with maintaining the biobank. Additionally, we discuss the main advantages of germplasm banking, such as preserving genetic diversity without the logistical challenges of managing large captive populations, as well as critical challenges, particularly those arising from ongoing taxonomic uncertainties that complicate species identification and sample management. Scientific applications and conservation actions already enabled by this resource are presented, alongside a discussion of future perspectives, including potential expansions of sample types and integrative genomic analyses. This review underscores the essential role of germplasm biobanks in preserving the genetic legacy of Neotropical deer and supporting long-term biodiversity conservation strategies.