Jaboticabal - FCAV - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

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Genomic Features and Phylogenetic Analysis of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Mbandaka ST413 Strains
(MDPI, 2024-02-01) Benevides, Valdinete Pereira ; Saraiva, Mauro de Mesquita Souza ; Nascimento, Camila de Fátima ; Delgado-Suárez, Enrique Jesús ; Oliveira, Celso José Bruno ; Silva, Saura Rodrigues ; Miranda, Vitor Fernandes Oliveira ; Christensen, Henrik ; Olsen, John Elmerdahl ; Berchieri Junior, Angelo
In recent years, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (S. Mbandaka) has been increasingly isolated from laying hens and shell eggs around the world. Moreover, this serovar has been identified as the causative agent of several salmonellosis outbreaks in humans. Surprisingly, little is known about the characteristics of this emerging serovar, and therefore, we investigated antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and prophage genes of six selected Brazilian strains of Salmonella Mbandaka using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that the tested strains belong to Sequence Type 413 (ST413), which has been linked to recent multi-country salmonellosis outbreaks in Europe. A total of nine resistance genes were detected, and the most frequent ones were aac(6′)-Iaa, sul1, qacE, blaOXA-129, tet(B), and aadA1. A point mutation in ParC at the 57th position (threonine → serine) associated with quinolone resistance was present in all investigated genomes. A 112,960 bp IncHI2A plasmid was mapped in 4/6 strains. This plasmid harboured tetracycline (tetACDR) and mercury (mer) resistance genes, genes contributing to conjugative transfer, and genes involved in plasmid maintenance. Most strains (four/six) carried Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). All S. Mbandaka genomes carried seven pathogenicity islands (SPIs) involved in intracellular survival and virulence: SPIs 1-5, 9, and C63PI. The virulence genes csgC, fimY, tcfA, sscA, (two/six), and ssaS (one/six) were absent in some of the genomes; conversely, fimA, prgH, and mgtC were present in all of them. Five Salmonella bacteriophage sequences (with homology to Escherichia phage phiV10, Enterobacteria phage Fels-2, Enterobacteria phage HK542, Enterobacteria phage ST64T, Salmonella phage SW9) were identified, with protein counts between 31 and 54, genome lengths of 24.7 bp and 47.7 bp, and average GC content of 51.25%. In the phylogenetic analysis, the genomes of strains isolated from poultry in Brazil clustered into well-supported clades with a heterogeneous distribution, primarily associated with strains isolated from humans and food. The phylogenetic relationship of Brazilian S. Mbandaka suggests the presence of strains with high epidemiological significance and the potential to be linked to foodborne outbreaks. Overall, our results show that isolated strains of S. Mbandaka are multidrug-resistant and encode a rather conserved virulence machinery, which is an epidemiological hallmark of Salmonella strains that have successfully disseminated both regionally and globally.
N-fertilization of tropical pastures improves performance but not methane emission of Nellore growing bulls
(2023-01-01) Lima, Lais De Oliveira ; Ongaratto, Fernando ; Dallantonia, Erick Escobar ; Leite, Rhaony Gonçalves ; Argentini, Gabriella Patrício ; Fernandes, Marcia Helena MacHado Da Rocha ; Reis, Ricardo Andrade ; Vyas, Diwakar ; Malheiros, Euclides Braga ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; University of Florida
Grazing management and N-fertilizer have been reported to improve tropical forage productivity and quality, however, their effect on methane emission of grazing animals remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of increasing application rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization of Marandu palisadegrass under continuous stocking on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and enteric methane emissions of Nellore growing bulls. We hypothesized that changes in the forage nutritive value caused by N fertilization of pastures combined with adequate grazing management (e.g., greater crude protein [CP] and digestibility) would lead to an increase in animal productivity (e.g., greater average daily gain [ADG] and gain per area), and then, to a decrease in methane emission intensity. Treatments consisted of different annual application rates of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha using ammonium nitrate (32% N) as the nitrogen source. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replications (12 paddocks). Intake, digestibility, N balance, and methane emissions were measured in eight animals per treatment. CP intake, digestibility and N balance increased linearly with the increase in N fertilization (P < 0.05). In addition, stocking rate (SR) and ADG linearly increased from 1.75 animal unit (AU = 450 kg)/ha and 0.62 kg/d (0 kg N/ha) to 3.75 AU/ha and 0.82 kg/d (150 kg N/ha), respectively. Individual methane emissions nor methane emission intensity were affected by treatment with an average of 164.7 g/d and 199.7 g/kg ADG (P > 0.05). Annual N fertilization with ammonium nitrate between 75 and 150 kg N/ha in palisadegrass pastures under continuous stocking enhances animal performance per unit area yet not affecting neither methane production nor intensity.
Financial importance of the geographic proximity of sugar-energy mills to technology-innovation centers in Brazil
(2023-05-01) Segecic, Bruna Aparecida ; Conceição, Elimar Veloso ; Montoro, Stela Basso ; Santos, David Ferreira Lopes ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Brazilian sugar-energy industry has its competitiveness based on innovation that allows the food, biofuel, and bioenergy production. However, financial performance is asymmetric among mills whose innovation strategies are heterogeneous. This study aims to verify whether the sugar-energy mills strategically located close to Technology and Innovation Centers, present a superior financial performance compared to those further away. We used annual financial data on 56 mills from 1998 to 2018, available from public and private databases. In order to compare the averages of the financial results, a t-test was used. The mills closer to Centers showed a statistically higher financial performance than those further away.
Scenarios of environmental deterioration in the Paraopeba River, in the three years after the breach of B1 tailings dam in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais, Brazil)
(2023-09-15) Mendes, Rafaella Gouveia ; do Valle Junior, Renato Farias ; de Melo Silva, Maytê Maria Abreu Pires ; de Morais Fernandes, Gabriel Henrique ; Fernandes, Luís Filipe Sanches ; Pissarra, Teresa Cristina Tarlé ; de Melo, Marília Carvalho ; Valera, Carlos Alberto ; Pacheco, Fernando António Leal ; Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM) ; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Cidade Administrativa do Estado de Minas Gerais ; Coordenadoria Regional das Promotorias de Justiça do Meio Ambiente das Bacias dos Rios Paranaíba e Baixo Rio Grande
The collapse of B1 dam at the Córrego do Feijão mine of Vale, S.A., located in the Ferro-Carvão stream watershed (Brazil), released 11.7 Mm3 of tailings rich in iron and manganese, and 2.8 Mm3 entered the Paraopeba River 10 km downstream. Seeking to predict the evolution of environmental deterioration in the river since the dam break on January 25, 2019, the present study generated exploratory and normative scenarios based on predictive statistical models, and proposed mitigating measures and subsides to ongoing monitoring plans. The scenarios segmented the Paraopeba into three sectors: “anomalous” for distances ≤63.3 km from the B1 dam site, “transition” (63.3–155.3 km), and “natural” (meaning unimpacted by the mine tailings in 2019; >155.3 km). The exploratory scenarios predicted a spread of the tailings until reaching the “natural” sector in the rainy season of 2021, and their containment behind the weir of Igarapé thermoelectric plant located in the “anomalous” sector, in the dry season. Besides, they predicted the deterioration of water quality and changes to the vigor of riparian forests (NDVI index) along the Paraopeba River, in the rainy season, and a restriction of these impacts to the “anomalous” sector in the dry season. The normative scenarios indicated exceedances of chlorophyll-a in the period January 2019–January 2022, but not exclusively caused by the rupture of B1 dam as they also occurred in areas not affected by the accident. Conversely, the manganese exceedances clearly flagged the dam failure, and persist. The most effective mitigating measure is likely the dredging of the tailings in the “anomalous” sector, but currently it represents solely 4.6 % of what has entered the river. Monitoring is paramount to update the scenarios until the system enters a route towards rewilding, and must include water and sediments, the vigor of riparian vegetation, and the dredging.
Molecular detection of blood-borne agents in vampire bats from Brazil, with the first molecular evidence of Neorickettsia sp. in Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata
(2023-08-01) de Mello, Victória Valente Califre ; Placa, Ana Julia Vidal ; Lee, Daniel Antonio Braga ; Franco, Eliz Oliveira ; Lima, Luciana ; Teixeira, Marta M.G. ; Hemsley, Claudia ; Titball, Richard W. ; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias ; André, Marcos Rogério ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; University of Exeter
Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) represent the second largest group of mammals. Due to their ability to fly and adapt and colonize different niches, bats act as reservoirs of several potentially zoonotic pathogens. In this context, the present work aimed to investigate, using molecular techniques, the occurrence of blood-borne agents (Anaplasmataceae, Coxiella burnetii, hemoplasmas, hemosporidians and piroplasmids) in 198 vampire bats sampled in different regions of Brazil and belonging to the species Desmodus rotundus (n = 159), Diphylla ecaudata (n = 31) and Diaemus youngii (n = 8). All vampire bats liver samples were negative in PCR assays for Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., piroplasmids, hemosporidians and Coxiella burnetii. However, Neorickettsia sp. was detected in liver samples of 1.51% (3/198) through nested PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene in D. rotundus and D. ecaudata. This is the first study to report Neorickettsia sp. in vampire bats. Hemoplasmas were detected in 6.06% (12/198) of the liver samples using a PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. The two 16S rRNA sequences obtained from hemoplasmas were closely related to sequences previously identified in vampire and non-hematophagous bats from Belize, Peru and Brazil. The genotypic analysis identified a high diversity of bat-associated hemoplasma genotypes from different regions of the world, emphasizing the need for studies on this subject, in order to better understand the mechanisms of co-evolution between this group of bacteria and their vertebrate hosts. The role of neotropical bat-associated Neorickettsia sp. and bats from Brazil in the biological cycle of such agent warrant further investigation.
Adsorption of tebuthiuron on hydrochar: structural, kinetic, isothermal, and mechanistic modeling, and ecotoxicological validation of remediative treatment of aqueous system
(2023-01-01) Moreira, Bruno Rafael de Almeida ; Cruz, Victor Hugo ; Barbosa Júnior, Marcelo Rodrigues ; de Vasconcelos, Leonardo Gomes ; da Silva, Rouverson Pereira ; Lopes, Paulo Renato Matos ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Federal University of Mato Grosso
Tebuthiuron (C9H16N4OS) offers farmers a cost-effective chemical solution to control weeds. Nevertheless, it can manifest as a hazardous organic compound to society and the environment as it escapes from agroecosystems into the surroundings via leaching and running off, polluting surface and underground water bodies. Hence, research was designed to analyze whether hydrochar can develop an adsorbent to remove it from an aqueous solution. Food waste was reacted with subcritical water at a stoichiometric 1:4 ratio (m v−1) and 1.5 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 10 g L−1 at 250 °C and 1.5 MPa for 2 h to produce porous hydrochar via simultaneous hydrothermal carbonization and chemical activation. The product at 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1 was tested for its ability to adsorb tebuthiuron (TBT) at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L−1 by spectrophotometry. In addition, kinetic and isothermal models were applied to experimental data to describe the separation of the pollutant from the liquid-phase analytical environment. Equally significant, an ecotoxicological assay was developed to investigate its remediative potential; Lactuca sativa was employed as a testing organism, as it is responsive to TBT at phytotoxic residual quantity. Hydrochar significantly separated TBT from aqueous media. Such honeycomb-structured mesoporous carbonaceous matrix developed approximately 1420.1 m2 g−1 specific surface area and 0.05 cm3 g−1 total pore volume; hence, at the highest concentration, it adsorbed 98.65% of TBT at 1.5 mg L−1 through physical (e.g., pore filling and interparticle diffusion) or chemical (e.g., H-bonding, π-stacking, and metal-adsorbate complex) forces. In addition, it allowed seven adsorption-desorption cycles with 80% efficiency, supporting excellent regenerability. Equally significant, L. sativa germinated 76.6% on plates containing residual solution from sorption testing, validating the hydrochar for environmental bioremediation. Hence, it can advance the field’s prominence in treating TBT by bioadsorption. It can offer stakeholders across agroindustries possibilities to remediate such a compound in aquatic environments, such as water and wastewater. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
Proteome profiling of vascular sap regarding Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(2023-01-01) da Silva, Felipe Alexsander Rodrigues ; Balbuena, Tiago Santana ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The plant vascular system is a key element for long-distance communication. Understanding its composition may provide valuable information on how plants grow and develop themselves. In this study, a quantitative proteome dataset of the vascular sap proteome of three commercially important Eucalyptus species was shown. Protein extraction was carried out using a pressure bomb, whereas only in silico predicted extracellular proteins were considered as part of the sap proteome. A total of 132 different proteins were identified in all three Eucalyptus species and the most abundant proteome subset within all three species was comprised of proteins involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, proteolysis, components of membrane, and defense response. The sap proteome of the species E. grandis and E. urophylla revealed the highest similarities. Functional classification indicated that the sap proteome of E. grandis and E. urophylla are mostly comprised of proteins involved in defense response and proteolysis; whereas no prominent functional class was observed for the E. camaldulensis species. Quantitative comparison highlighted characteristic sap proteins in each of the Eucalyptus species. The results that could be found in this study can be used as a reference for the proteome sap analysis of Eucalyptus plants grown under different conditions.
Energy cost of physical activities in growing broilers
(2023-01-01) Horna, F. ; Leandro, G. S. ; Bícego, K. C. ; Macari, M. ; Reis, M. P. ; Cerrate, S. ; Sakomura, N. K. ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Credinser LLC
1. The time-energy budget method estimates the energy used for physical activity (PA) by integrating behaviour PA patterns with energy cost for specific PAs. Nevertheless, information about individual energy cost by type of PA are not available and so this study estimated the energy cost of PA for growing broilers. 2. An indirect calorimetry system for single birds was constructed to measure the variation in the rate of O2 consumption ((Formula presented.) O2, L/min) and rate of CO2 production ((Formula presented.) CO2, L/min) produced by these PAs. 3. A total of five birds were used in a replicated trial where their body weight (BW) ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 kg to measure the increase in heat production (HP) above resting levels as a result of PA. The procedure in the chamber was divided into five steps: (1) initial baselining, (2) resting metabolic rate, (3) PA such as feeding, drinking and other standing activities, (4) removal of gas exchange produced in step 3, and (5) final baselining. The PA was recorded using a video camera fixed at the chamber’s top (and outside). 4. The area under (Formula presented.) CO2 and (Formula presented.) O2 curves was used to calculate the CO2 production (vCO2, L) and O2 consumption (vO2, L). Then, the HP (cal/kg−0.75) was calculated according to the Brouwer equation. Two observers analysed the video records to estimate the time spent for each PA (seconds and frequency). 5. To calculate the energetic coefficients, the HP was regressed with the function of time spent to perform each PA allowing to estimate the energy cost for eating, drinking and stand activities, which were 0.607, 0.352 and 0.938 cal/kg−0.75/s, respectively.
Hydrologic Response to Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios: An Example from the Paraopeba River Basin Based on the SWAT Model
(2023-04-01) Costa, Renata Cristina Araújo ; Santos, Regina Maria Bessa ; Fernandes, Luís Filipe Sanches ; Carvalho de Melo, Marília ; Valera, Carlos Alberto ; Valle Junior, Renato Farias do ; Silva, Maytê Maria Abreu Pires de Melo ; Pacheco, Fernando António Leal ; Pissarra, Teresa Cristina Tarlé ; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Cidade Administrativa do Estado de Minas Gerais ; Coordenadoria Regional das Promotorias de Justiça do Meio Ambiente das Bacias dos Rios Paranaíba e Baixo Rio Grande ; Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM)
Human land use land cover changes (LULCCs) can cause impacts on watershed lands and on water resources. The regions with land use conflict suffer more intense erosion processes due to their high slope and drainage density. The study intends to evaluate scenarios with an absence of land use conflict and verify if it can contribute to reductions in surface runoff, avoiding the carriage of tailings to river channels. In the study, the SWAT model was used in the hydrological modeling of the Paraopeba River watershed affected by the rupture. The results show that the SWAT model was able to reproduce the flow data with good and very good performances. The quality indicators in the calibration step were NSE = 0.66, R2 = 0.69, PBIAS = 5.2%, and RSR = 0.59, and in the validation, step were NSE = 0.74, R2 = 0.77, PBIAS = 13.5%, and RSR = 0.51. The LULCC from 2000 to 2019 led to a 70% increase in lateral runoff (LATQ) and a 74% decrease in aquifer groundwater. The scenario of land use capability and no conflict can reduce lateral runoff by 37% and increase water infiltration by 265%, minimizing the point and diffuse contamination of the tailings in the Paraopeba river channel.
Molecular Survey of Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and Bartonella spp. in Coatis (Nasua nasua) from Central-Western Brazil
(2023-04-01) Perles, Lívia ; Barreto, Wanessa Teixeira Gomes ; Santos, Filipe Martins ; Duarte, Leidiane Lima ; de Macedo, Gabriel Carvalho ; Barros-Battesti, Darci Moraes ; Herrera, Heitor Miraglia ; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias ; André, Marcos Rogério ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University ; Dom Bosco Catholic University ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Even though previous works showed molecular evidence of hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas) in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) from Brazil, Bartonella sp. has not been reported in these mammals so far. The present study aimed to detect the above-mentioned agents in coatis’ blood and associated ectoparasites, assessing the association between these infections and red blood parameters. Between March 2018 and January 2019, coati (n = 97) blood samples, Amblyomma sp. ticks (2242 individual ticks, resulting in 265 pools), and Neotrichodectes pallidus louse (n = 59) were collected in forested urban areas from midwestern Brazil. DNA extracted from coatis’ blood, and ectoparasite samples were submitted to quantitative PCR (qPCR) (16S rRNA) and conventional PCR (cPCR) (16S rRNA and 23S rRNA) for hemoplasmas and qPCR (nuoG gene) and culturing (only blood) for Bartonella spp. Two different hemoplasma genotypes were detected in blood samples: 71% coatis positive for myc1 and 17% positive for myc2. While 10% of ticks were positive for hemoplasmas (myc1), no louse was positive. The estimated bacterial load of hemoplasmas showed no association with anemia indicators. All coatis were negative for Bartonella sp. in qPCR assay and culturing, albeit two Amblyomma sp. larvae pools, and 2 A. dubitatum nymph pools were positive in the qPCR. The present work showed a high occurrence of hemoplasmas, with two distinct hemoplasma genotypes, in coatis from forested urban areas in midwestern Brazil.
The Accuracy of Land Use and Cover Mapping across Time in Environmental Disaster Zones: The Case of the B1 Tailings Dam Rupture in Brumadinho, Brazil
(2023-04-01) Filho, Carlos Roberto Mangussi ; do Valle Junior, Renato Farias ; de Melo Silva, Maytê Maria Abreu Pires ; Mendes, Rafaella Gouveia ; de Souza Rolim, Glauco ; Pissarra, Teresa Cristina Tarlé ; de Melo, Marília Carvalho ; Valera, Carlos Alberto ; Pacheco, Fernando António Leal ; Fernandes, Luís Filipe Sanches ; Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro (IFTM) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Cidade Administrativa do Estado de Minas Gerais ; Coordenadoria Regional das Promotorias de Justiça do Meio Ambiente das Bacias dos Rios Paranaíba e Baixo Rio Grande ; University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
The rupture of a tailings dam causes several social, economic, and environmental impacts because people can die, the devastation caused by the debris and mud waves is expressive and the released substances may be toxic to the ecosystem and humans. There were two major dam failures in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the last decade. The first was in 2015 in the city of Mariana and the second was in 2019 in the municipality of Brumadinho. The extent of land use and cover changes derived from those collapses were an expression of their impacts. Thus, knowing the changes to land use and cover after these disasters is essential to help repair or mitigate environmental degradation. This study aimed to diagnose the changes to land cover that occurred after the failure of dam B1 in Brumadinho that affected the Ferro-Carvão stream watershed. In addition to the environmental objective, there was the intention of investigating the impact of image preparation, as well as the spatial and spectral resolution on the classification’s accuracy. To accomplish the goals, visible and near-infrared bands from Landsat (30 m), Sentinel-2 (10 m), and PlanetScope Dove (4.77 m) images collected between 2018 and 2021 were processed on the Google Earth Engine platform. The Pixel Reduction to Median tool was used to prepare the record of images, and then the random forest algorithm was used to detect the changes in land cover caused by the tailings dam failure under the different spatial and spectral resolutions and to provide the corresponding measures of accuracy. The results showed that the spatial resolution of the images affects the accuracy, but also that the selected algorithm and images were all capable of accurately classifying land use and cover in the Ferro-Carvão watershed and their changes over time. After the failure, mining/tailings areas increased in the impacted zone of the Ferro-Carvão stream, while native forest, pasture, and agricultural lands declined, exposing the environmental deterioration. The environment recovered in subsequent years (2020–2021) due to tailings removal and mobilization.
Does the Soil Tillage Affect the Quality of the Peanut Picker?
(2023-04-01) Lopes de Brito Filho, Armando ; Morlin Carneiro, Franciele ; Costa Souza, Jarlyson Brunno ; Luns Hatun de Almeida, Samira ; Patias Lena, Bruno ; Pereira da Silva, Rouverson ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) ; University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Machine harvesting is an essential step of crop production, considering a dynamic operation, and is subject to losses due to several factors that affect its quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of mechanized peanut pickers in the three soil tillage operations using Statistical Quality Control (SQC) tools. We conducted the experiments in a peanut field located at 21°20′23″ S and 47°54′06″ W of Brazilian peanut farmers. We used Statistic Control Quality (SQC) experimental design to monitor peanut losses during machine harvesting. The treatments evaluated were three soil tillage operations: conventional (CT), rotary tillers (RT), and hoe (RH). The quality indicators were collected inside the picker’s bulk tank. Statistical analyses used were descriptive statistics and SQC tools (run charts, control charts, and the Ishikawa diagram). The process was considered stable for indicators: whole pods (CT, RT, and RH), broken pods (CT, RT, and RH), and hatched pods (CT, RT, and RH), while the other indicators showed points that were out of control. With the application of SQC tools, it was possible to identify the factors that caused the increase of variability in peanut harvesting, listing the points to be improved to support decision-making, always aiming to increase this operation’s quality.
Diagrammatic scale for evaluation of Bremia lactucae sporulation in lettuce seedlings
(2023-01-01) Jacinto, Ana Carolina Pires ; Castoldi, Renata ; Braz, Leila Trevisan ; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
In disease assessment, the use of diagrammatic scales provides a standard reference point for comparison. There is still no precise and accurate scale for the evaluation of sporulation intensity of downy mildew in lettuce seedlings. The objective of this study was to propose a diagrammatic scale for the evaluation of downy mildew severity in lettuce seedlings. Thirty lettuce seedlings with different sporulation intensities were used to develop the proposed diagrammatic scale. Solaris lettuce cultivar was sown, and fifteen days after sowing, inoculations occurred using distilled water, the pathogen sporangia, and Tween 20. The monitoring of disease development was performed daily.When the first sporulation appeared on the cotyledonaryleaves,the proposed scale was verified to meet the minimum and maximum levels of disease severity. Two evaluators verified the accuracy, precision and performed the estimation of the sporulation and reproducibility using a scale. The images obtained are important in the standardization of a scale to identify resistant, tolerant and susceptible plants to downy mildew. Furthermore, it allows validating a diagrammatic scale of sporulation intensity of B. lactucae in lettuce seedlings. Thus, it is the diagrammatic scale developed in the work will guide future research to accelerate the detection of mildew severity in lettuce seedlings
Performance of the SAFER model in estimating peanut maturation
(2023-07-01) de Almeida, Samira Luns Hatum ; Souza, Jarlyson Brunno Costa ; Pilon, Cristiane ; Teixeira, Antônio Heriberto de Castro ; dos Santos, Adão Felipe ; Sysskind, Morgan Nicole ; Vellidis, George ; da Silva, Rouverson Pereira ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Tifton Campus ; Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) ; Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)
The most widespread method for obtaining Peanut Maturity Index (PMI), the Hull-Scrape, is time-consuming and highly subjective, which makes its application on a large scale difficult and does not represent the variability of the production area. Seeking more accurate PMI estimates, this research uses a combination of weather and spectral data. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving (SAFER) model to calculate evapotranspiration and estimate PMI, indicating the optimal timing for crop digging. The experiment was conducted in three commercial peanut fields (A, B, and C) in Georgia, USA, in the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Pods were collected on different dates and classified according to maturity using the Hull-Scrape method. Weather data and PlanetScope images were used to calculate actual evapotranspiration from the SAFER model, which was correlated with the PMI collected in situ and used to generate linear regression models. Maturity in Fields A and B showed a stronger correlation with evapotranspiration estimated by SAFER (0.757 and 0.796, respectively), which led to the development of a model using data from these two fields. This model presented a relative error of 13.16% and proved to be the most suitable for estimating peanut maturity by integrating different field conditions. The SAFER model proved to be promising for estimating PMI, as it reduces the subjectivity of the traditional method by eliminating the need for a person to identify the color of pod mesocarp. Additionally, the model does not require images from the given day PMI is estimated, allowing for the estimation even in regions highly affected by the presence of clouds and shadows.
Scale Insects and Natural Enemies Associated with Conilon Coffee (Coffea canephora) in São Paulo State, Brazil
(2023-04-01) Souza, Ivana Lemos ; de Paulo, Hágabo Honorato ; de Siqueira, Matheus Alves ; Costa, Valmir Antonio ; Wengrat, Ana Paula Gonçalves da Silva ; Peronti, Ana Lúcia Benfatti Gonzalez ; Martinelli, Nilza Maria ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Advanced Research Center in Plant Protection and Animal Health ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Several insect pests are related to the cultivation of conilon coffee, Coffea canephora (Rubiaceae), including (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha). Coccoids damage plants by sucking their sap, producing honeydew, and transmitting viruses. Parasitoids and predators are natural enemies that regulate the insect population and can be used in mealybug biological control. This study aimed to survey scale insects and natural enemies associated with C. canephora in the city of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Two species of mealybugs from the family Coccidae and three from the family Pseudococcidae were collected in different plant structures. Natural enemies collected comprised hymenopteran parasitoids from the families Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Encyrtidae, and Perilampidae; predator beetles of the family Coccinellidae; dipterans from the family Cecidomyiidae; and thrips of the family Aeolothripidae. This is the first report of the mealybug species Coccus brasiliensis, Pseudococcus longispinus, and Pseudococcus cryptus; of the parasitoids Coccophagus rusti, Aprostocetus sp., Aenasius advena, Aenasius fusciventris, Aenasius pseudococci, and Perilampus sp.; and of the predators Cycloneda conjugata, Pseudoazya nana, Diadiplosis coccidivora, Diadiplosis sp., and Franklinothrips vespiformis, associated with C. canephora. Knowledge of mealybug species and their respective natural enemies will contribute to biological control strategies in planning the integrated management of mealybugs associated with conilon coffee.
Proteomics research in forest trees: A 2012-2022 update
(2023-01-01) Castillejo, María Angeles ; Pascual, Jesús ; Jorrín-Novo, Jesus V. ; Balbuena, Tiago Santana ; University of Cordoba ; University of Oviedo ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This review is a compilation of proteomic studies on forest tree species published in the last decade (2012-2022), mostly focused on the most investigated species, including Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Quercus. Improvements in equipment, platforms, and methods in addition to the increasing availability of genomic data have favored the biological knowledge of these species at the molecular, organismal, and community levels. Integration of proteomics with physiological, biochemical and other large-scale omics in the direction of the Systems Biology, will provide a comprehensive understanding of different biological processes, from growth and development to responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As main issue we envisage that proteomics in long-living plants will thrive light on the plant responses and resilience to global climate change, contributing to climate mitigation strategies and molecular breeding programs. Proteomics not only will provide a molecular knowledge of the mechanisms of resilience to either biotic or abiotic stresses, but also will allow the identification on key gene products and its interaction. Proteomics research has also a translational character being applied to the characterization of the variability and biodiversity, as well as to wood and non-wood derived products, traceability, allergen and bioactive peptides identification, among others. Even thought, the full potential of proteomics is far from being fully exploited in forest tree research, with PTMs and interactomics being reserved to plant model systems. The most outstanding achievements in forest tree proteomics in the last decade as well as prospects are discussed.
ANATOMICAL, MORPHOGENIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF XARAÉS PALISADE GRASS UNDER GRAZING
(2023-01-01) Basso, Kelen Cristina ; Galzerano, Leandro ; DA SILVA, Wilton Ladeira ; Ruggieri, Ana Cláudia ; Reis, Ricardo Andrade ; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) ; Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro ; Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
This study evaluated under grazing intensities and periods of the year: leaf anatomy of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés and its correlation with morphogenetic and structural characteristics, and leaves degradation after in situ incubation. Treatments were four grazing intensities (GI) defined by the pasture residuals leaf area index (rLAI 0.8, 1.3, 1.8, and 2.3) with three replications in a completely randomized design. Cows grazed in a rotational stocking with pastures regrowth period determined by 95% light interception. Leaves showed a higher proportion of sclerenchyma (2.64%) in pastures under lower GI and in the dry season (2.42%). Pastures managed under higher GI showed lower number of expanded leaves (2.58), lower number of lives leaves (3.45), and lower leaf senescence rate (0.05 cm tiller−1 d−1). Positive correlation was observed between leaf elongation rate and adaxial epidermis and vascular tissues. rLAI 1.8 and 2.3 provided greater residues after in situ leaf incubation at times 12, 48, 72, and 96 h compared to rLAI 0.8 and 1.3. rLAI and period of the year had little influence on leaf anatomy of the Xaraés managed under 95% LI, and leaf anatomy is correlated with the morphogenetic and structural pasture characteristics. Pastures managed under lower GI show more residues after leaves incubation in rumen.
Bartonella spp. in households with cats: Risk factors for infection in cats and human exposure
(2023-06-01) Sepúlveda-García, Paulina ; Alabi, Amir ; Álvarez, Karla ; Rojas, Lisbeth ; Mella, Armin ; Gonçalves, Luiz Ricardo ; André, Marcos Rogerio ; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias ; Müller, Ananda ; Monti, Gustavo ; Universidad Austral de Chile ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine ; Wageningen University & Research
The aim of this study was to estimate the occurrence of Bartonella spp. per household in cats and the risk factors for Bartonella spp. positivity in cats and their owners from Valdivia, Chile. A total of 464 cats (distributed within 324 households) and 326 humans (control group [n = 112] and cat owner [n = 214]) distributed in 262 households were sampled. From the cat owners (n = 214), 128 humans were in households where the cat was also sampled, totaling 84 households with dual sampling. Real-time PCR (qPCR) was used for Bartonella spp. detection in blood from cats and humans, and immunofluorescent immunoassay (IFA) anti-Bartonella henselae was performed in human serum samples. Out of the total of 324 households, 20.43% presented at least one Bartonella positive cat. From the households with dual sampling, 29.7% (25/84) presented at least one qPCR-Bartonella spp. positive cat. However, Bartonella DNA was not amplified in humans, and in 7.3% (6/82) of the households was found at least one of the cat's owners exposed to B. henselae. Cats younger than one year (Odds Ratio (OR) = 5.3), non-neutered (OR 3.46), sampled at home (OR 5.82), and with improper application of tick/flea control products (OR 3.13) showed a higher risk for Bartonella spp. presence. Humans with occupational exposure involving animal contact, were more likely to exhibit B. henselae seropositivity (OR 7.5). Bartonella spp. was present in the cats a moderate number of households, but Bartonella DNA was not detected in owners' blood, inferring that there is a low risk of recent human infection in the studied population.
Biometric aspects of fruits and diaspores from Mauritia flexuosa from the brazilian Cerrado
(2023-03-28) Campos, Thiago Souza ; de Souza, Antonio Maricélio Borges ; Vieira, Guilherme Rodrigues ; Pivetta, Kathia Fernandes Lopes ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) serves as a raw material for the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries but it has a low germination rate and seed viability, which are directly related to the morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds. Biometric characterization provides information necessary for the differentiation, characterization of ecological and genetic aspects of different species and populations of the same group, and can help in the conservation and propagation of species. The current work performed the biometric characterization of fruits and diaspores of Mauritia flexuosa from a cultivation environment in the Brazilian Cerrado. 100 fruits were randomly sampled, which were measured in length, width, thickness, individual weight, diaspore length, diaspore width, diaspore thickness and individual diaspore weight. Fruits were classified as red (Hue 10 R 4/8) and yellow-orange diaspores (Hue 7.5 YR 8/8). Data for each characteristic were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. The fruits varied by 6.56% in length, 4.38% in width and 4.26% in thickness while the diaspores varied by 8.17% in length, 9.29% in width and 9.62% in thickness. The variables fruit weight and diaspore weight showed the greatest variations, 12.12% and 23.86%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between width and thickness (0.90). The small variation in biometric dimensions indicates that the species has little variability.
Contribution to the knowledge of Neotrichodectes (Nasuicola) pallidus (Piaget, 1880) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae)
(2023-06-01) Perles, Lívia ; Bassini-Silva, Ricardo ; Jacinavicius, Fernando Castro ; Barreto, Wanessa Teixeira Gomes ; de Macedo, Gabriel Carvalho ; Martins, Filipe Santos ; Herrera, Heitor Miraglia ; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias ; Barros-Battesti, Darci Moraes ; André, Marcos Rogério ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Instituto Butantan ; Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University ; Dom Bosco Catholic University
The species in the genus Neotrichodectes (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) infest carnivores. Neotrichodectes (Nasuicola) pallidus (Piaget, 1880), which has been primarily found parasitizing Procyonidae mammals, has been recorded in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco. We report a new record of N. pallidus in coatis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-western Brazil, using morphological (Light and Scanning Electronic Microscopy) and molecular approaches (PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis). Coatis were sampled in two peri-urban areas of Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, between March 2018 and March 2019, as well as in November 2021. Lice were collected and examined under light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. DNA was also extracted from nymphs and adults and submitted to PCR assays based on the 18S rRNA and cox-1 genes for molecular characterization. One hundred and one coatis were sampled from 2018 to 2019 and 20 coatis in 2021 [when the intensity of infestation (II) was not accessed]. Twenty-six coatis (26/101–25.7%) were infested with at least one louse, with a total of 59 lice collected in 2018–2019. The II ranged from one to seven lice (mean 2.2 ± SD 1.7). The louse species was confirmed based on the following morphological characteristics: female gonapophyses rounded with the setae along anterior region but not in the medial margin; the male genitalia with a parameral arch not extending beyond the endometrial plate. The same ornamentation was observed on the abdomen of the females, males, and nymphs. The nymphs and the eggs were described in detail for the first time. The obtained 18S rRNA and cox1 sequences from N. pallidus clustered in a clade with other sequences of Ischnocera species. In the present study, a new record of the louse N. pallidus in central-western Brazil was provided, along with new insights into the morphological features of this species, with the first morphology contribution of nymphal and eggs stages.

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