Phytochemical Characterization of Humulus lupulus L. Varieties Cultivated in Brazil: Agricultural Zoning for the Crop in Tropical Areas

Abstract

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical quality of hop varieties grown in Brazil’s subtropical conditions to assess their suitability for brewing. Seven hop varieties (Cascade, Centennial, Columbus, Chinook, Comet, Fuggle, and Nugget) were analyzed for total α- and β-acids and essential oil composition. Bitter acids were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis, and volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comet exhibited the highest a-acid level (10.54%), indicating strong bittering potential. Essential oil analysis revealed β-myrcene, (E)-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as predominant compounds. Centennial showed a distinct (E)-β-farnesene profile, a characteristic of noble hops. All varieties contained α- and β-selinene, suggesting a common metabolic pattern. The results indicate that Brazil has the potential to produce high-quality hops with suitable chemical profiles for brewing. As traditional hop-growing regions face climate-related challenges, hops cultivated in Brazil may offer a viable alternative for achieving the desired chemical composition required by the brewing industry.