Botucatu - FCA - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas

URI Permanente para esta coleçãohttps://hdl.handle.net/11449/253751

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Seleção de progênies de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. bahamensis Barrett & Golfari para produção e qualidade de madeira e resina
(Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), 2023-12-11) Santos, Talita Carvalho de Souza ; Longui, Eduardo Luiz ; Aguiar, Ananda Virgínia de
Nas regiões em que predomina o clima tropical no Brasil, as variedades de Pinus caribaea, vulgarmente conhecidas como pínus tropicais, apresentaram maior adaptabilidade. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a variabilidade genética de um teste de progênie de Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis para formação de pomar de sementes por mudas para produção e qualidade de madeira e resina. O material utilizado foi um teste de progênie de polinização aberta de P. caribaea var. bahamensis com 34 anos. O experimento está instalado no município de Assis, SP, em um delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, composto por 72 progênies, uma planta por parcela com 28 repetições, totalizando 2.016 árvores, em espaçamento de 6 x 6 metros. Foram avaliados os caracteres de crescimento (DAP, altura total, volume) e forma de fuste (forma de fuste, conicidade, a largura entrenós, o ângulo e a espessura dos galhos) e características da madeira (velocidade do som e o módulo de elasticidade dinâmico). A dimensão das traqueídes para os índices de qualidade de papel e a celulose foram avaliados. A produção de resina de todos os indivíduos remanescentes também mensurada. Todos os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de normalidade e análise descritiva e realizada a análise de deviance e a estimativa de componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos. Foram observadas as diferenças significativas entre as progênies para todos os caracteres avaliados. Os valores médios obtidos para DAP, altura, volume, índice de seleção e resinagem total foram 47,95 cm, 26,45 m, 2,34 m³arv -1, 3.641,71 e 5,07 kg. arv -1 ano -1, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de variação relativa apresentaram maiores índices para DAP, volume, produção de resina da primeira, segunda e terceira coleta, produção de resina por estria e total. A acurácia foi alta para todos os caracteres de crescimento, silvicultural e resinífero, exceto para o MOEd, o entrenó e o índice de seleção, os quais apresentaram acurácias moderadas. As herdabilidades individual e média de progênies variaram de 0,08 a 0,51 e 0,35 a 0,76 entre os caracteres de crescimento, silviculturais e resiníferos, respectivamente. As porcentagens de breu e terebentina da resina total variaram de 74,6% a 95% e de 5% a 25,4%, respectivamente. As porcentagens de alfa pineno, beta pineno e canfeno variaram de 29,80% a 84,92%; 2,43% a 44,42% e 0,68% a 2,29%, respectivamente. As porcentagens de ganho genético com a seleção para volume de madeira e resina foram maiores, 63,50% e 50,87%, respectivamente, com o método de seleção individual com pressão de seleção de 2%. A diversidade genética foi maior para madeira e resina no método de seleção dentro de progênie, variando de 0,97 a 1,00. Para a qualidade da madeira, os índices de qualidade de papel e celulose (Coeficiente de Flexibilidade, Fração Parede, Índice de Runkel e Índice de Enfeltramento) foram de 69,92%, 30,08%, 0,57 e 68,69%, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas com maiores expressões positiva foi entre os conjuntos de caracteres de crescimento (DAP, altura e volume) e resiníferos (produção de resina da primeira e segunda coleta, produção resina por estrita e total), as características da madeira (velocidade, MOEd e índice de seleção) e os caracteres silviculturais (ângulo do galho, grossura do galho, entrenó, forma de fuste, caracteres silviculturais). Nas correlações fenotípicas as maiores expressões ocorreram entre o volume, o DAP, produção de resina da primeira e segunda coleta, produção de resina total, MOEd, velocidade, grossura e ângulo do galho, caracteres silviculturais e índice de seleção. As 72 progênies foram agrupadas em 10 grupos, sendo o primeiro com maior número de progênies. O teste genético apresentou variabilidade genética significativa para os caracteres avaliados, indicando possibilidade de obtenção ganho genético para formação de pomares de sementes por mudas e clonais, bem como para exploração em futuras gerações de melhoramento genético.
Growth and macronutrient accumulation in tomato cultivated in an organic system
(2023-01-01) De Almeida, Luciana G. ; Cardoso, Antonio Ismael Inácio ; Candian, Joara S. ; Filho, Helio Grassi ; Sartori, Maria Márcia P. ; SP ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The aim of this study was to characterize the growth and nutrient absorption of ‘Debora Victory’ tomato grown in organic system. The treatments consisted of nine sampling dates, at 2, 32, 46, 60, 77, 91, 109, 122 and 137 days after transplantation (DAT). In the last sampling, plants reached an estimated accumulation of dry and fresh weight in plant shoots of 550 and 9,528 g/plant, respectively. At the end of the cycle, the distribution of dry matter was 73% in the fruits, 16% in the leaves and 11% in the stem. The yield of total fresh fruits was estimated at 154.7 t/ha. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation in plant shoots was K>N>Ca>P>S>Mg, with estimated values of 22.6; 10.4; 5.0; 2.3; 2.1 and 1.6 g/plant, respectively, corresponding to 431; 198; 95; 44; 40 and 30 kg/ha of K, N, Ca, P, S and Mg, respectively. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation in the fruits was K>N>P>S>Mg>Ca, with estimated values of 16.6; 8.4; 1.7; 0.8; 0.7 and 0.2 g/plant, respectively, which corresponded to an estimated total extraction of 315; 153; 32; 16; 14 and 3 kg/ha of K, N, P, S, Mg and Ca, respectively. In the last sampling, the greatest accumulation of N, P and K occurred in the fruits and Ca, S and Mg in the vegetative organs (stem + leaves).
Photosynthesis, Biochemical and Yield Performance of Grapevine Hybrids in Two Rootstock and Trellis Height
(2023-05-01) Domingues Neto, Francisco José ; Pimentel Junior, Adilson ; Modesto, Lenon Romano ; Moura, Mara Fernandes ; Putti, Fernando Ferrari ; Boaro, Carmen Silvia Fernandes ; Ono, Elizabeth Orika ; Rodrigues, João Domingos ; Tecchio, Marco Antonio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) ; Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC)
The interaction between variety, rootstock, and trellis height is important for grapevine management, mainly for producing new varieties of grapes for juice and wine in new wine-growing regions with high production potential. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the rootstocks and trellis height influence on photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance for grapevine hybrids. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design using two factors, rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘106-8 Mgt’) and trellis height (until 1.6 and 2.0 m), evaluated for two grapevine hybrids (IAC 138-22 ‘Maximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’). During grapevine flowering, it was evaluated photosynthesis and biochemical performance, for this, the gaseous exchanges were measured using the open system photosynthesis equipment with a CO2 analyzer and water vapor by infrared radiation, being net assimilation rate of CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency (Rubisco), and the flux density of photosynthetically active photons. At the stages of grapevine flowering and ripening berries were evaluated the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)), total soluble proteins, chlorophylls, and SPAD. The interaction between rootstock and trellis heigh influenced varieties’ photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance. In conclusion under subtropical conditions, better photosynthesis, biochemical, and yield performance were observed when both cultivars were grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. The ‘IAC 138-22 Maximo’ was trained until 2.0 and grafted on the ‘IAC 766’ rootstock, increasing grape production and photosynthesis efficiency. In addition, this variety was more productive than ‘BRS Violeta’.
Lasting effect of Urochloa brizantha on a common bean-wheat-maize rotation in a medium-term no-till system
(2023-01-01) Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa ; Santos Ferreira, João Henrique ; Momesso, Letusa ; Portugal, José Roberto ; de Campos, Murilo ; Volf, Marcelo Raphael ; Borghi, Emerson ; Soratto, Rogério Peres ; Calonego, Juliano Carlos ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; São Paulo Western University (UNOEST) ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA)
Grass intercropping under no-till is an option to increase crop residues on the soil surface and crop diversity. Urochloa spp. is frequently selected for intercropping to improve land use and agricultural production because of its high residue production, slow residue decomposition, as well as its vigorous, abundant, and deep root system. However, the effects of intercropping Urochloa and maize, especially the effects of Urochloa residues, on subsequent crops in rotation have not been established. To address this knowledge gap, a field experiment was carried out over 5 years (from 2014 to 2018) comprising 2 years of maize monocropping or intercropping and 3 years of crop rotation (common bean-wheat-common bean-wheat-maize). We evaluated the medium-term effects of monocropped maize or maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha on soil fertility and the development, yields, and grain nutrient accumulation of subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops. The cultivation of U. brizantha in the intercropping system improved soil fertility over at least 4 years, with increases in soil pH; soil organic matter (SOM); phosphorus (P); exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg); sulfur (S–SO42−); cation exchange capacity (CEC); and base saturation (BS) at all soil depths. The benefits of U. brizantha extended to root dry matter and distribution; 70–77% of the total roots were concentrated within a soil depth of 0.0–0.2 m. The intercropping system improved the root dry matter mass, yield components, and grain yields of subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops in all cultivation years. These findings indicate that intercropping maize and U. brizantha provides medium-term benefits for subsequent common bean, wheat, and maize crops, and improves nutrient cycling to increase soil P; exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg; S–SO42−; and organic matter content.
Effect of ripeners on the nutrient concentrations of sugarcane leaves
(2023-01-01) Silva, Marcelo de Almeida ; Santos, Hariane Luiz ; Germino, Gabriel Henrique ; Véliz, José Gerardo Espinoza ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Centro Guatemalteco de Investigación y Capacitación de la Caña de Azúcar (CENGICAÑA)
Using chemical ripeners in the sugarcane favors the increase of sucrose productivity, regulates the effects of adverse weather conditions for ripening, and promotes the anticipation of harvest. However, it can also modify the nutrient absorption, translocation, and accumulation process and, consequently, affect the nutrient cycling of the straw maintained on the soil surface. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate ripeners’ effects (glyphosate − 0.5 L ha−1; sulfometuron-methyl − 0.02 kg ha−1, and trinexapac-ethyl − 0.8 L ha−1) on the nutritional status of the sugarcane leaf canopy. Natural ripening maintained the highest levels of P and Zn throughout the time. The highest levels of N, P, and K were provided by trinexapac-ethyl in most of the evaluated periods, as well as contributing to the highest levels of Ca, Mg, and S, along with sulfometuron methyl, from 30 to 60 days after application (DAA). The highest levels of B and Zn were observed under sulfometuron methyl. On the other hand, glyphosate was the ripener responsible for the lowest nutrient concentrations in the leaf canopy, including N, Ca, Mg, and S at 45 DAA and B and Mn at 30 and 45 DAA. Considering the importance of maintaining the straw for nutrient cycling, in addition to being a ripener, trinexapac-ethyl contributed to the maintenance of high levels of nutrients in the leaf canopy in relation to the other ripeners, which suggests a greater possibility of availability of these nutrients for the ratoon development in the upcoming cycles.
Traditional botanical knowledge: food plants from the Huni Kuĩ indigenous people, Acre, western Brazilian Amazon
(2023-01-01) Pilnik, Málika Simis ; Argentim, Tarik ; Kinupp, Valdely Ferreira ; Haverroth, Moacir ; Ming, Lin Chau ; National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) ; Centro ; Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The Kaxinawá indigenous people (auto-identified as the Huni Kuĩ) are native to the western Amazon, on the Brazilian border with Peru, and have an extensive biodiversity-related knowledge, which is parti of a coherent social-ecological system. Our study investigated native knowledge of edible forest plants, in three communities within the Kaxinawá Indigenous Land on the Lower Rio Jordão, Acre state, Brazil. The principal methods used were participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews and walk-in-the-woods. The study recorded 89 native food species. Some 60% are managed in food-production areas, with 56% of the recorded species have received little or no scientific study of their food potential. The role which natural systems play in Huni Kuĩ society is indicated by the management and use of a high diversity of native species, which contributes to food security and nutritional sovereignty. However, there is a progressive under-utilization and substitution of forest species, due to the introduction of cultivated exotic species and the increase in consumption of industrialized products. An enhancement of the value given to native food-plants is needed to encourage continuing autonomy of production, and diet diversification, as well as the conservation of sociobiodiversity of traditional peoples in the Amazon through sustainable management practices of the current social-ecological system.
Morphoanatomical characterization to differentiate two biotypes of Paspalum virgatum
(2023-01-01) Vasco, Alana Nascimento ; Marques, Ricardo Fagundes ; Justo, Cristina Filomena ; Martins, Dagoberto ; de Marchi, Sidnei Roberto ; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The species Paspalum virgatum L. is considered to be a pasture weed that causes great damage to livestock. There are two empirically identified biotypes that differ in leaf blade width. Thus, the objective of this work was to differentiate two biotypes of P. virgatum based on the main aspects of leaf morphology and anatomy. Morphological characterization used the leaves of the third node of each biotype with five replications for both of them. For anatomical characterization, the median part of the leaf of the third node was collected. The evaluations consisted in the main leaf morphoanatomical parameters. The biotypes differ in leaf area, leaf blade width, sheath length and diameter, and inflorescence and canopy height. The “narrow” leaf biotype showed lower stomatal density on both sides of the blade. Therefore, leaf blade width is valid as the basis for empirical observation of the difference between biotypes.
Performance and preference of Bemisia tabaci on tomato severe rugose virus infected tomato plants
(2023-07-01) Bello, Vinicius Henrique ; Nogueira, Angélica Maria ; Sartori, Maria Márcia Pereira ; Pavan, Marcelo Agenor ; Rezende, Jorge Alberto Marques ; Ghanim, Murad ; Krause-Sakate, Renate ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade de São Paulo (USP) ; Institute of Plant Protection
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported as the sole vectors for tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), the prevalent begomovirus infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., Solanaceae) in Brazil. To improve our understanding on the interactions between B. tabaci and ToSRV, we studied the effects of the virus on the performance of MEAM1 and MED. Comparing adults’ performance on non-infected and ToSRV-infected tomato plants, the number of hatched eggs and emerged adults decreased for both MEAM1 and MED in infected tomato plants. However, the negative effect was more evident for MED, where the emergence of adults was reduced by 90% on ToSRV-infected tomatoes. In addition, the developmental time and percentage survival of MED on ToSRV-infected plants were severely affected compared to non-infected plants, while no differences were observed for MEAM1. Preference assays showed that non-viruliferous MEAM1 adults preferred to settle on non-infected plants in initial times (from 1 h to 6 h) but did not show preference between non-infected and infected plants in other evaluated times (from 12 h to 72 h). Viruliferous MEAM1 adults did not show a preference for either ToSRV-infected or non-infected plants. In contrast, MED non-viruliferous and viruliferous adults preferred to settle on non-infected plants compared to ToSRV-infected tomato plants. Our results indicate that ToSRV differently influences the performance and behavior of the whitefly species MEAM1 and MED, negatively interfering with the life parameters of MED.
Effect of Pinus elliottii plantations on seed removal along with fragments of Montana Mixed Ombrophilous Forest
(2022-01-01) Cury, Letícia Duron ; Dos Santos Cury, Roberta Thays ; Amorim, Felipe Wanderley ; Campos, Sergio ; de Barros, Ana Clara ; da Silva, Leonardo França ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) ; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)
The conversion of natural forests into homogeneous reforestation areas, when done with exotic species may influence ecological processes, such as the interaction between seeds and their natural predators and/or dispersers. Herein we evaluate whether the use of Pinus elliottii in homogeneous reforestation areas influences seed removal from the soil in the secondary vegetation of the adjacent Mixed Ombrophilous Montane Forest. Six areas of secondary vegetation from the Montana Forest, adjacent to P. elliottii crops, were selected and sampling points were distributed along transects 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 meters from the forest edge. The removal rate was elevated for all species (100% for Syagrus romanzoffiana, 98% for Pinus elliottii and 49% for Araucaria angustifolia). Seeds of A. angustifolia presented increased removal rates towards the interior of native forest, with 33% of removal at 0 m and 70% at 100 m from the forest edge. The increase in seed removal indicates that fauna oftenly associated with the analyzed species may be related to both predation and secondary dispersion of seeds. We suggest that the reduced removal of A. angustifolia seeds, a key species for the Atlantic Forest, at the forest edge beside P. elliottii crops may indicate loss in movement from wild fauna associated with the homogeneous planting of trees. Also the removal of P. elliottii within the native forest, if predated, may indicate curbing of its invasive potential. However, if dispersed, it may indicate P. elliottii is, in fact, invading the Mixed Ombrophilous Montane Forest.
Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds as a Function of Soil Management Systems and Pre-Harvest Desiccation
(2023-03-01) Silva, Gustavo Ferreira da ; Chamma, Larissa ; Luperini, Bruno Cesar Ottoboni ; Chaves, Prínscilla Pâmela Nunes ; Calonego, Juliano Carlos ; Nakagawa, João ; Silva, Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Soil management systems directly interfere in the soil–plant relationship. However, there are still few studies evaluating the influence of long-term management systems on the physiological quality of soybean seeds. Another little-known topic is the influence of pre-harvest desiccation on the physiological quality of soybean seeds, especially on seed longevity. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds cultivated under conventional tillage and no-tillage systems with and without desiccant use. The experiment was carried out in design is a split plot in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of soil management systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage), with and without pre-harvest desiccation. In the treatment with desiccation, the herbicide Paraquat was applied, when the plants were at the R7.3 phenological stage (most of the seeds had a yellowish coat, with a shiny surface and were already detached from the pod). Seed germination, vigor (first germination count, seedling dry mass, seedling length, time to reach 50% germination (T50), seedling emergence and emergence speed index) and longevity (P50) were evaluated. Seeds cultivated under conventional tillage showed greater vigor for most traits evaluated, with values of T50 and seedling length higher by 24.39% and 24.77%, respectively, compared to NT. In addition, non-desiccation increased the seedling length and dry mass, in 15.45% and 21.59%, respectively. The use of desiccant aiming at seed vigor is dependent on the soil management system. Soybean seed longevity was superior in the no-tillage system, but desiccant application reduced seed longevity.
Mean-weight diameter of aggregation as affected by initial screen size of two fine-textured soils
(2023-05-01) Franzluebbers, Alan J. ; Tanaka, Katiuça Sueko ; Momesso, Letusa ; Calonego, Juliano Carlos ; Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa ; USDA Agricultural Research Service ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Soil aggregation is considered a key indicator of soil health to protect soil against erosion, enhance organic C storage, and offer habitat for soil organisms. Various methods to assess aggregation may change interpretations of management, and therefore should be cross-calibrated. We assessed the impact of initial sieve opening size (8 or 4.75 mm) prior to determination of dry-stable and water-stable mean-weight diameter (MWD) from two fine-textured soils—a Rhodic Hapludox from São Paulo, Brazil and a Rhodic Kanhapludult from North Carolina, United States. Both soils were subjected to management expected to alter surface soil conditions. As expected, initial sieving through 8 mm led to greater dry-stable MWD (3.37 ± 0.60 mm) than initial sieving through 4.75 mm (1.94 ± 0.28 mm). However, soil stability index (water-stable MWD/dry-stable MWD) was not affected by initial sieve size opening (0.56 ± 0.13 mm mm−1 under both initial sieve openings). Management interpretations were consistent with both approaches as well, and in particular to detect the strong depth effect on water-stable MWD (i.e., declining with depth). Water-stable macroaggregates had 32% ± 25% greater C concentration than microaggregates; similarly under both initial sieving conditions. Soil stability index when initially sieved through 4.75 mm was highly associated with aggregate stability of 1–2-mm sized dry aggregates, which is a more common procedure. We conclude that passing soil through a screen with 4.75-mm openings to conduct a diversity of soil analyses can be appropriate for obtaining reasonable estimates of and interpretations about surface soil aggregation.
Phenology, thermal demand, and maturation development of the ‘BRS Vitória’ grape cultivated on different rootstocks in subtropical conditions
(2023-01-01) Callili, Daniel ; Sánchez, Camilo André Pereira Contreras ; Campos, Olivia Pak ; Carneiro, Débora Cavalcante Dos Santos ; Scudeletti, Ana Carolina Barduzzi ; Tecchio, Marco Antonio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
The purpose of this study was to assess how ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’, and ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstocks affected the duration of phenological phases, thermal de-mand, and chemical evolution throughout production cycle of the ‘BRS Vitória’ table grape cultivated in subtropical conditions. The duration of the following pheno-logical stages was measured in days after pruning throughout two production sea-sons: budburst, flowering, setting, veraison, and harvest date. The thermal demand was determined using the degree-day concept. Titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, and the maturation index were all measured throughout berry maturation. In gen-eral, the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’ increased vine precocity in comparison to ‘Paulsen 1103’ during the early phenological phases. However, the vines grafted on ‘Paulsen 1103’ were earlier in the later phases, that is, at the veraison and at the harvest date, when compared to those grafted on the rootstocks ‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’. Under subtropical conditions, the total cycle period of the ‘BRS Vitória’ vine varied from 131 to 143 days, with thermal demands ranging from 1,545 to 1,725 DD. In comparison to the ‘IAC 572’ and the ‘IAC 766’, the ‘Paulsen 1103’ supplied the berries with a higher accumulation of soluble solids and a higher maturation index.
Change in soil chemical attributes and yield of a common-bean crop in response to steel slag application
(2023-01-01) da Silva, Alessandra Vieira ; Deus, Angélica Cristina Fernandes ; de Souza, Mara Lúcia Cruz ; Broetto, Fernando ; Büll, Leonardo Theodoro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Most agricultural soils in Brazil are classified as acid, which limits agricultural production in the country, warranting the application of acidity correctives. The present study examined the effect of steel slag application on chemical characteristics of the soil as well as on the metabolic responses and yield of common-bean plants in a no-till system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with 42-m2 subplots in a 7×2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of two factors, namely, acidity correctives and application forms. The following correctives were tested: steel slag (T1), wollastonite (T2), ladle furnace slag (T3), stainless steel slag (T4), calcined agricultural limestone (T5), agricultural limestone (T6), and a control without correctives (C). The application forms were surface application and incorporation (20 cm). Ten months after the last reapplication of the acidity correctives, a soil probe sampler was used to collect samples from the 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–40 cm layers for chemical analysis. The common-bean crop was established after 16 months of the applications, and the following parameters were evaluated 40 days after germination: plant height; leaf dry weight; relative water content; electrolyte losses; pigment content (Clo a, Clo b, and carotenoids); leaf macronutrient and micronutrient content; total soluble protein content; leaf silicon content; enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase; and gas exchange. At the end of the crop cycle, grain production and yield components were evaluated. Phosphorus, pH, base saturation, and Si increased with the application of silicates, influencing the number of plants m-1 and 100-grain weight; however, grain yield did not change.
Interaction Between High Soil Zinc Level and Silicon Application Methods in Maize Plants
(2023-01-01) Rodrigues da Silva, Ana Paula ; Fernandes, Dirceu Maximino ; Deus, Angélica Cristina Fernandes ; Büll, Leonardo Theodoro ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Propose: The present study proposes to examine the efficiency of Si application methods and their effect in intermediate and high levels of Zn in maize plants. Methods: Two experiments were carried out: one in sandy soil and another in clay soil. The Si rates were applied in the planting furrow or in the total area, individually or combined with Zn at intermediate or high levels. Evaluations were performed in the plant (Zn and Si contents and accumulation; plant height; leaf area; SPAD index; and shoot, leaf, stem, and root dry weights) and in the soil (Zn and Si contents and pH). Results: The treatments individually or in combination with Zn at intermediate or high levels influenced in sandy and clay soil for the variables plant height, leaf area, shoot and leaf dry weights, shoot Zn and Si and accumulation and Zn and Si soil contents. And still, in sandy soil also influenced in stem and root dry weights. The Si application methods influenced in clay soil on plant height, shoot Zn accumulation, soil Si, shoot and dry weights of leaves, stem, and root. However, in sandy soil, Si application methods influenced plant height and soil pH. Conclusions: In sandy soil, the combination of a lower dose of Si with a higher rate of Zn resulted in increased concentrations of Zn in the plant. The Si application methods decreased of Zn content in soil of clay texture and shoot Zn accumulation in sandy soil. The Si application methods had a greater influence on the parameters evaluated in sandy soil.
Application of calcium and boron directed to inflorescences in production, quality and nutrient accumulation in lettuce seeds
(2023-01-01) Bezerra, Sara Raissa B. ; Marques, Isabella B. ; Bardiviesso, Estefânia M. ; Pelvine, Raíra A. ; Aguilar, Ariel S. ; Cardoso, Antonio Ismael Inácio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Calcium and boron are important nutrients in the stages of flowering, pollen germination and in the fruiting process. As these nutrients are poorly mobile in the plant, some authors recommend foliar spraying in the production of seeds of some species. The objective was to study the influence of calcium and boron, via application directed to inflorescences, in production, quality and accumulation of nutrients in lettuce seeds. Four treatments were evaluated (only calcium: 0.72 g/L; only boron: 0.17 g/L; joint application of calcium and boron and control), in randomized blocks design with six replications. No influence was obtained between the treatments for seed production (number and weight of seeds per plant). Using boron, alone or together with calcium, the weight of a thousand seeds was lower compared to control, while only calcium did not differ from the control. No differences were obtained for germination and seed vigor. The application of calcium did not affect the accumulation of nutrients, however boron application increased the accumulation of this nutrient in the seeds. The application of calcium and boron directly in the inflorescences of lettuce did not promote an increase in the production and vigor of the seeds.
Gibberellic Acid Concentrations and Storage of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) Seeds Propagated in Tubes
(2022-11-01) Lacerda, Vander Rocha ; Pagehú, Levi Fraga ; Gonçalves, Armando Pego ; Vieites, Rogério Lopes ; Lopes, Paulo Sérgio Nascimento ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG)
The immersion of seeds in gibberellic acid solutions can promote dormancy breaking. Storage can be dynamic in seed longevity. The objective of this work was to evaluate different concentrations of gibberellic acid applied to seeds isolated from two storage times on the emergence of C. brasiliense tree seedlings grown in tubes. There were two experiments with different planting and storage times. The seeds were extracted from the endocarp. In both, a randomized block design was used with the following seven treatments: 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg L−1 of GA3 and dry seeds without pre-soaking, with five replications of 20 seeds. The seeds were treated with fungicide and sown in tubes containing substrate. After 60 days, evaluations and transplantation were carried out. In the experiment with older pyrenes (seeds stored for seven months), there was high seed mortality (96.54%) and a small emergence rate (3.45%). On the other hand, when new pyrenes were used, the percentage of dead seeds was 32.71% and emergence was 62.28%. GA3 did not stimulate germination or the diameter of C. brasiliense tree seedlings, except for stem length. The 2000 concentration provided a greater stem length and greater leaf area compared to dry seeds.
Adjusting peanut plant density and potassium fertilization for different production environments
(2023-03-01) Cordeiro, Carlos Felipe dos Santos ; Pilon, Cristiane ; Echer, Fábio Rafael ; Albas, Renato ; Tubbs, R. Scott ; Harris, Glendon H. ; Rosolem, Ciro Antonio ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; University of Georgia ; Raposo Tavares HWY
Peanut pod yield and its response to fertilizer-K can be affected by the environment × plant density interaction. Research was conducted with the objective of determining peanut growth and yield response to planting density and fertilizer-K application under rainfed conditions in Brazil and irrigation in the United States. The effects of plant planting density and K fertilization were more frequent in rainfed areas, compared to irrigated environments. Peanut leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation (DM) increased with increasing plant density (mainly at 30 days after plant emergence—average increments of 70% and 80% for LAI and DM, respectively), whereas the stomatal conductance was decreased, mainly in rainfed fields. In low-K soil, the application of 50 kg ha−1 of K increased leaf K concentration (12% [Brazil], first-year area and 28% crop rotation area) and stomatal conductance in rainfed fields, resulting in greater yield (23% [1340 kg ha−1; Brazil], first-year area) at low plant density. In the irrigated fields, yield increased with plant densities up to 19 plants m−2. For rainfed crops, plant density exceeding 11 plants m−2 resulted in lower yield in the area of adequate K content in the soil. Therefore, in rainfed fields, plant density must be low to assure peanuts response to K. In irrigated environments, high plant density is less detrimental to peanut yield, but no increase is observed with plant density greater than 19 plants m−2. Additionally, there was no yield increase with the application of 50 kg ha−1 of K, in irrigated environments.
Manejo do Nitrogênio Químico e Orgânico em dois Ciclos de Alface Irrigado com Água Residuária
(2022-01-01) Lobo, Thomaz Figueiredo ; Siqueira, Marcos Vinicius Bohrer Monteiro ; de Oliveira, Sebastiao ; Filho, Hélio Grassi ; Universidade do Sagrado Coração ; Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais – Unidade Frutal ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Increasing the cost of mineral fertilizers and increasing environmental pollution make the use of organic waste in agriculture an economically attractive option due to the cycling of C and nutrients. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and nutrition of lettuce in different management of chemical and organic nitrogen irrigated with wastewater from the Sewage Treatment Station in two cycles of lettuce. The experiment was carried out in a pot with 5 liters capacity, in a greenhouse, the experimental design was composed of 6 treatments and 5 randomized blocks as follows: T0 - without N; T1 - 0.54 grams of N (urea) per plant divided into three times (7, 14 and 28 days of transplantation); T2 - 0.27 grams of N (Organic Compound) and 0.27 grams of N (urea) divided into urea three times per plant (7, 14 and 28 days of transplantation); T3 - 0.54 grams of N (organic compound) per plant; T4 - 0.81 grams of N (organic compound) per plant; T5 - 1.08 grams of N (organic compound) per plant. Lettuces that were fertilized with organic compost obtained higher yields of fresh mass and accumulation of nutrients both in the first and second cycles.
Evaluation of the use of wastewater treated with Lemnas minor in bean yield and nutrition
(2022-09-01) dos Santos Lima, Rafael ; Cavalcante, Valéria Santos ; Garcia, João Batista Ferraz ; Filho, Helio Grassi ; de Morais, Leandro Cardoso ; Tonetti, Adriano Luiz ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) ; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Irrigation with wastewater can reduce the demand for drinking water, reduce its disposal into water bodies and provide nutrients for agricultural crops. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the irrigation using wastewater with and without polishing by Lemnaceae macrophytes on the production and nutrition of common bean plants. Common bean (IPR Andorinha) was cultivated in a greenhouse in a completely randomized experimental design, with three treatments (T1= public-supply water (PSW); T2 = wastewater without polishing (WWNP) and T3 = wastewater with polishing by macrophytes (WWPL)). The highest contents of macronutrients and micronutrients in the common bean crop irrigated with PSW, WWPL and WWNP were found in the following order: K > Ca > N > Mg > S > P and Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu. Compared to PSW, wastewater promoted higher green color index (17.1%), number of pods (24%), grain yield (28%), fresh matter (33%) and dry matter (42%). Wastewater with and without polishing provides adequate nutrition and dry matter production, and wastewater with polishing increased the number of grains and grain yield in common bean.
Machine learning models applied in the estimation of reference evapotranspiration from the Western Plateau of Paulista
(2022-01-01) da Silva, Maurício Bruno Prado ; de Souza, Valter Cesar ; Cremasco, Caroline Pires ; Calça, Marcus Vinícius Contes ; Dos Santos, Cícero Manoel ; Cremasco, Camila Pires ; Gabriel Filho, Luís Roberto Almeida ; Rodrigues, Sergio Augusto ; Escobedo, João Francisco ; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)
Evapotranspiration depends on the interaction between meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed) and phytosanitary conditions of agricultural crops. It is complex to build reliable evapotranspiration measurements due to the high costs of implementing micrometeorological techniques, in addition to difficulties in the operation and maintenance of the necessary equipment. The purpose of this research was to model the reference evapotranspiration through machine learning techniques in climatic data from 30 automatic weather stations in the Planalto Ocidental Paulista, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2013-2017. A comparison of the statistical performance between the techniques used was carried out, where the best performance of the EToMLP4 model (rRMSE = 0.62%), followed by EToANFIS4 (rRMSE = 0.75%), EToSVM4 (rRMSE = 1.19%) and EToGRNN4 (rRMSE = 11.05 %). Performance measures of the validation base show that the proposed models are able to estimate the reference evapotranspiration, with emphasis on the MPL technique.

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