Dysphonia and COVID-19: A Review

Introduction: Vocal symptoms are frequent in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may occur during or after infection. Objective: To conduct a descriptive review on the topic “dysphonia and COVID-19” in order to alert specialists to these symptoms associated with the virus and sequelae. Methodology: A literature review was carried out in the main databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, between April 2020 and April 2024 using descriptors that related COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) to voice disorders. Results: In total, 41 studies, 13 case reports, 6 retrospective, and 22 prospective, 5139 patients (2131 M, 2991 F), mean age of 51 years. The prevalence of dysphonia ranged from 0.39% to 79%. The most prevalent vocal symptoms were hoarseness, cough, dry throat, sore throat, reflux, aphonia, phonasthenia, stridor, and hypersecretion. Videolaryngoscopic findings: unilateral paralysis (145), bilateral paralysis (16), erythema (84), benign lesions (56), muscle tension dysphonia (54), granulomas (33), edema (31), stenosis (22), atrophy (19), incomplete glottal closure (12), and ventricular hypertrophy (6). Auditory-perceptual analyses identified mild/moderate vocal impairment in infected patients and persistence of changes in the long-COVID period. Acoustic analyses indicated significant changes in Jitter, Shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (NHR), and maximum phonation time in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: Dysphonia caused by COVID-19 infection is common, both in the acute and chronic phases of the disease. The main causes include vocal fold paralysis, inflammatory laryngitis, and muscle tension dysphonia. All patients who present vocal symptoms after COVID-19 infection should undergo videolaryngoscopy and subjective and acoustic vocal analyses to identify sequelae of the disease.